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پاورپوینت کامل Early Man 80 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Since William Jennings Bryan, former Secretary of State and a special prosecutor in the Scopes case, was himself from the state of Nebraska, Osborn chided him about Nebraska Man in the press: “The earth spoke to Bryan from his own state of Nebraska. The Hesperopithecus tooth is like the still, small voice. Its sound is by no means easy to hear —-. This little tooth speaks volumes of truth, in that it affords evidence of man’s descent from the ape.” – OsbornOsborn himself commented on Forestiers drawing by saying:“Such a drawing or reconstruction would doubtless be only a figment of the imagination, of no scientific value, and undoubtedly inaccurate.” – Osborn

اسلاید ۵: Little did Osborn know Just how inaccurate this drawing wasTurned out to be a tooth from an extinct type of pig (peccary)I wonder how the history would remember the Scopes trial if this little bit of information had become available during the trial

اسلاید ۶: Java ManPithecanthropus erectus Found by Eugene Dubois between 1891 and 1892Association of a human-like femur with a very large gibbon-like skullcap, found 12 meters apart “The skull has a deep suture between the low vault and the upper edge of the orbits. Such a suture is found only in apes, not in man. Thus the skull must belong to an ape. In my opinion this creature was an animal, a giant gibbon in fact. The thigh bone has not the slightest connection with the skull.” – Dr Rudolph Virchow, Director of the Berlin Society for Anthropology and founder of the science of pathology

اسلاید ۷: While in Sumatra, Dubois heard about a skull found on the nearby island of Java, which he secured along with another similar skull at the same locationThese skulls were “too human” looking Then, in 1891, he found a molar tooth along the Solo River and later another molar and an ape-like skullcapThe following year he found a human femur some yards from where he found the skullcapAfter consulting with Haeckel, Dubois declared the whole collection to belong to one and the same creature, stating that it was “admirably suited to the role of missing link.”

اسلاید ۸: Leg bone is now accepted as being modern humanSkullcap is still debated to be either from a giant gibbon-like creature or hominid ancestorEither way, the association of the skullcap with the femur was never justified – as originally explained by VirchowIt was in recognition of this fact that the restoration of Java Man, paid for by Ernst Haeckel, was removed from the Leiden Museum to its basement in the mid 1980s. The exhibit of Java Man was also removed from public display in the American Museum of Natural History.

اسلاید ۹: Getting it in the Right BallparkSort of . . .

اسلاید ۱۰: Evolutionary Sequence from ape to human

اسلاید ۱۱:

اسلاید ۱۲: Ramapithecus lufengensis In 1932 Louis Leaky discovered a fragmented maxilla and some teeth in southwest Kenya Assembled to form a parabolic shape similar to the human condition Presented as the first branch of ape to evolve into humans 12 to 14 million years ago

اسلاید ۱۳: Noted scientist Dr. Elwyn Simons stated confidently [regarding Ramapithecus], “The pathway can now be traced with little fear of contradiction from generalized hominids — to the genus Homo.” The importance of Ramapithecus as an early ancestor of hominids is evident in this comment by Simons in Time Magazine (Nov. 7, 1977): “Ramapithecus is ideally structured to be an ancestor of hominids. If he isnt, we dont have anything else that is.”

اسلاید ۱۴: Then, a little problem surfaced for Ramapithecus (same year: 1977)A full jaw (mandible) was discoveredThis jaw bone was U-shaped, not parabolically shapedZilman and Lowenstein attempt to explain the reason for the earlier thinking of most of the worlds most prominent paleoanthropologists: “Ramapithecus walking upright has been reconstructed from only jaws and teeth. In 1961 an ancestral human was badly wanted. The princes ape latched onto position by his teeth and has been hanging on ever since, his legitimacy sanctified by millions of textbooks and Time-Life volumes on human evolution.”

اسلاید ۱۵:

اسلاید ۱۶: “A group of creatures once thought to be our oldest ancestors may have been firmly bumped out of the human family tree. Many paleontologists have maintained that Ramamorphs are our oldest known ancestors. These conclusions were drawn from little more than a few jawbones and some teeth. Truthfully, it appears to be nothing more than an orangutan ancestor.” – David Pilbeam, Science, 1982

اسلاید ۱۷:

اسلاید ۱۸: AustralopithecusAustralopithecus means southern ape – found in S. AfricaTuang Child – Raymond Dart, 1924Dart thought teeth human-likeMost not convinced – skull of a young 3-year-old chimpLater Dart and Broom found other Australopithecines at Kromdraii, Swartkrans and Makapansgat Two parallel lines of development, one being a small “gracile” (slender) type and the other a larger “robust” type “africanus” and “robustus” (now thought to be female and male forms)

اسلاید ۱۹:

اسلاید ۲۰: Gorilla Skull

اسلاید ۲۱:

اسلاید ۲۲:

اسلاید ۲۳: Anatomist Dr. Charles Oxnard of the University of Chicago claimed in a paper published in a 1975 edition of Nature that: Multivariate studies of several anatomical regions, shoulder, pelvis, ankle, foot, elbow, and hand are now available for the australopithecines. These suggest that the common view, that these fossils are similar to modern man, may be incorrect. Most of the fossil fragments are in fact uniquely different from both man and mans nearest living genetic relatives, the chimpanzee and gorilla.” (Nature 258:389)

اسلاید ۲۴: However, many evolutionists, such as those that frequent Talk.Origins, argue that, Howell et al. (1978) criticized this conclusion [of Charles Oxnard] on a number of grounds. Oxnards results were based on measurements of a few skeletal bones which were usually fragmentary and often poorly preserved. The measurements did not describe the complex shape of some bones, and did not distinguish between aspects which are important for understanding locomotion from those which were not. Finally, there is an overwhelming body of evidence, based on the work of nearly 30 scientists, which contradicts Oxnards work. These studies used a variety of techniques, including those used by Oxnard, and were based on many different body parts and joint complexes. They overwhelmingly indicate that australopithecines resemble humans more closely than the livipare this statement with Spoor’s work on hominid semicircular canals

اسلاید ۲۵: Australopithecus afarensis LUCY Discovered in 1974 by Donald Johanson Angle of knee joint matched that of humans = obviously walked upright The joint angle also matched that of tree climbing apesAlso had curved toes bones, high arm to leg length ratio, and many other features identical to tree climbing apesWas Lucy just a tree climbing ape or did she walk upright

اسلاید ۲۶: Stern and Susman detail many features consistent with tree-climbing apes for A. afarensis Yet, they believe that A. afarensis spent much time running around on two legs Why “The most significant features for bipedalism include shortened iliac blades, lumbar curve, knees approaching midline, distal articular surface of tibia nearly perpendicular to the shaft, robust metatarsal I with expanded head, convergent hallux (big toe), and proximal foot phalanges with dorsally oriented proximal articular surfaces.” (McHenry 1994)

اسلاید ۲۷: Interpreting the Same Things in Different WaysThe perpendicular tibia, lumbar curve, and angled knee joints that are approaching midline are seen in modern tree-climbing monkeysThe robust first metatarsal with an expanded head is also consistent with Stern and Susmans comment that the hand bones (and reasonably the foot bones as well), have large heads and bases relative to their parallel sided and somewhat curved shafts, an overall pattern shared by chimpanzees and that this, might be interpreted as evidence of developed grasping capabilities to be used in suspensory behavior. This might especially be true if the first digit was favored by Lucy to carry most of her body weight during suspension.

اسلاید ۲۸: Nature, 2000:Lucy was in fact a “Knuckle Walker”Richmond and Strait, identified four skeletal features of the distal radius of living knuckle-walking apes, chimps and gorillas with similar features found on Lucy as well as on another australopithecine A UPGMA clustering diagram … illustrates the similarity between the radii of A. anamensis and A. afarensis and those of the knuckle-walking African apes, indicating that these hominids retain the derived wrist morphology of knuckle-walkers. Richmond, B.G. and Strait, D.S., Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor, Nature 404(6776):382-385, 2000

اسلاید ۲۹: ۳.۶ million year old footprints with modern human features, adult and child Happen to be about as old as LucyHow can Lucy be a “missing link” if modern human posture and gait were already evolved

اسلاید ۳۰: “As I kneel beside the large print and lightly touch its sole, I am filled with quiet awe. It looks perfectly modern. ‘I thought that at three and a half million years ago their prints might be somehow different from ours,’” says Latimer. “But they aren’t. The bipedal adaptation of those hominids was full-blown.” – Gore, R. National Geographic, Feb. 1997 “Make no mistake about it, they are like modern human footprints. If one were left in the sand of a California beach today, and a four-year old were asked what it was, he would instantly say that somebody had walked there. He wouldnt be able to tell it from a hundred other prints on t