پاورپوینت کامل THE CHEMISTRY OF ARENES 51 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل THE CHEMISTRY OF ARENES 51 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Before you start it would be helpful to… know the functional groups found in organic chemistry know the arrangement of bonds around carbon atoms recall and explain electrophilic addition reactions of alkenesARENES

اسلاید ۵: STRUCTURE OF BENZENEPrimary analysis revealed benzene had…an empirical formula of CH anda molecular mass of 78 andaformula of C6H6

اسلاید ۶: STRUCTURE OF BENZENEPrimary analysis revealed benzene had…an empirical formula of CH anda molecular mass of 78aformula of C6H6Kekulé suggested that benzene was…PLANARCYCLIC andHAD ALTERNATING DOUBLE AND SINGLE BONDS

اسلاید ۷: STRUCTURE OF BENZENEHOWEVER…• it did not readily undergo electrophilic addition – no true C=C bond• only one 1,2 disubstituted product existed• all six C—C bond lengths were similar; C=C bonds are shorter than C-C• the ring was thermodynamically more stable than expected

اسلاید ۸: STRUCTURE OF BENZENEHOWEVER…• it did not readily undergo electrophilic addition – no true C=C bond• only one 1,2 disubstituted product existed• all six C—C bond lengths were similar; C=C bonds are shorter than C-C• the ring was thermodynamically more stable than expectedTo explain the above, it was suggested that the structure oscillatedbetween the two Kekulé forms but was represented by neither ofthem. It was a RESONANCE HYBRID.

اسلاید ۹: THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITYWhen unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured.

اسلاید ۱۰: THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITY23- 120 kJ mol-1When cyclohexene (one C=C bond) is reduced to cyclohexane, 120kJ of energy is released per mole.C6H10(l) + H2(g) ——> C6H12(l)When unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured.

اسلاید ۱۱: THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITY23- 120 kJ mol-1Theoretical- 360 kJ mol-1(3 x -120)When cyclohexene (one C=C bond) is reduced to cyclohexane, 120kJ of energy is released per mole.C6H10(l) + H2(g) ——> C6H12(l)Theoretically, if benzene contained three separate C=C bonds it would release 360kJ per mole when reduced to cyclohexaneC6H6(l) + 3H2(g) ——> C6H12(l)When unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured.

اسلاید ۱۲: THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITY23Experimental- 208 kJ mol-1- 120 kJ mol-1Theoretical- 360 kJ mol-1(3 x -120)When cyclohexene (one C=C bond) is reduced to cyclohexane, 120kJ of energy is released per mole.C6H10(l) + H2(g) ——> C6H12(l)Theoretically, if benzene contained three separate C=C bonds it would release 360kJ per mole when reduced to cyclohexaneC6H6(l) + 3H2(g) ——> C6H12(l)Actual benzene releases only 208kJ per mole when reduced, putting it lower down the energy scaleWhen unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured.

اسلاید ۱۳: THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITY23MORE STABLE THAN EXPECTEDby 152 kJ mol-1Experimental- 208 kJ mol-1- 120 kJ mol-1Theoretical- 360 kJ mol-1(3 x -120)When cyclohexene (one C=C bond) is reduced to cyclohexane, 120kJ of energy is released per mole.C6H10(l) + H2(g) ——> C6H12(l)Theoretically, if benzene contained three separate C=C bonds it would release 360kJ per mole when reduced to cyclohexaneC6H6(l) + 3H2(g) ——> C6H12(l)Actual benzene releases only 208kJ per mole when reduced, putting it lower down the energy scaleIt is 152kJ per mole more stable than expected.This value is known as the RESONANCE ENERGY.When unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured.

اسلاید ۱۴: THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITY23MORE STABLE THAN EXPECTEDby 152 kJ mol-1Experimental- 208 kJ mol-1- 120 kJ mol-1Theoretical- 360 kJ mol-1(3 x -120)When cyclohexene (one C=C bond) is reduced to cyclohexane, 120kJ of energy is released per mole.C6H10(l) + H2(g) ——> C6H12(l)Theoretically, if benzene contained three separate C=C bonds it would release 360kJ per mole when reduced to cyclohexaneC6H6(l) + 3H2(g) ——> C6H12(l)Actual benzene releases only 208kJ per mole when reduced, putting it lower down the energy scaleIt is 152kJ per mole more stable than expected.This value is known as the RESONANCE ENERGY.When unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured.

اسلاید ۱۵: HYBRIDISATION OF ORBITALS – REVISIONThe electronic configuration of a carbon atom is 1s22s22p211s22s2p

اسلاید ۱۶: HYBRIDISATION OF ORBITALS – REVISIONThe electronic configuration of a carbon atom is 1s22s22p211s22s2pIf you provide a bit of energy you can promote (lift) one of the s electrons into a p orbital. The configuration is now 1s22s12p311s22s2pThe process is favourable because of the arrangement of electrons; four unpaired and with less repulsion is more stable

اسلاید ۱۷: HYBRIDISATION OF ORBITALS – REVISIONThe four orbitals (an s and three p’s) combine or HYBRIDI