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پاورپوینت کامل میکروبیولوژی محیط ۷۱ اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Friday, May 4, 20184Applied MicrobiologyStudy of practical uses of microbes in food processing, industrial production, and biotechnology

اسلاید ۵: Friday, May 4, 20185Environmental Microbiologystudy of microbes in their natural habitatsThe study of microorganisms and their activities in the environment for the purpose of understanding their role in maintenance of the biosphere and their potential use in remediating sites that have been disturbed.

اسلاید ۶: Friday, May 4, 20186Microbial EcologyStudies the interactions between microbes and their environments, involving living and nonliving components

اسلاید ۷: ۷Organization of EcosystemsBiosphere – thick envelope of life that surrounds the earth’s surfaceMade up of:hydrosphere (water)lithosphere (soil)atmosphere (air)Maintains and creates the conditions of temperature, light, gases, moisture, and minerals required for life processes

اسلاید ۸: ۸Energy and Nutritional Flow in EcosystemsOrganisms derive nutrients and energy from their habitat.Food chain or energy pyramid summarizes the feeding levels:producers – provide the fundamental energy source; only organisms that can produce organic compounds by assimilating inorganic carbon from the atmosphere; most are photosynthetic, also called autotrophsconsumers – feed on other living organisms and obtain energy from chemical bonds; primary, secondary, tertiary…decomposers – primarily microbes, break down and absorb the organic matter of dead organisms; recycle organic matter into inorganic minerals and gases, mineralize nutrients

اسلاید ۹: ۹Insert figure 26.3Trophic and energy pyramid

اسلاید ۱۰: ۱۰The Natural Recycling of BioelementsProcesses by which bioelements and essential building blocks of protoplasm are recycled between biotic and abiotic environmentsEssential elements are cycled through biological, geologic, and chemical mechanisms – biogeochemical cycles.Microorganisms remove elements from their inorganic reservoirs and convey them into the food web.

اسلاید ۱۱: ۱۱Atmospheric CyclesCarbon cyclePhotosynthesisNitrogen cycle

اسلاید ۱۲: ۱۲Lithospheric CyclesSulfur cyclePhosphorous cycle

اسلاید ۱۳: ۱۳Cycles in the Hydrosphere

اسلاید ۱۴: ۱۴The Structure of Aquatic EcosystemsLake is stratified vertically into 3 zones or strata: photic zone – surface to lowest limit of sunlight penetrationprofundal zone – edge of the photic zone to lake sedimentbenthic zone – organic debris and mud forming the basinStratified horizontally into 2 zones:littoral zone – shoreline, relatively shallow waterlimnetic zone – open, deeper water

اسلاید ۱۵: ۱۵Insert figure 26.18Stratification of lake

اسلاید ۱۶: ۱۶Aquatic CommunitiesMicrobial distribution is associated with sunlight, temperature, oxygen levels, and available nutrients.Photic zone is most productive-contains planktonphytoplankton – variety of photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteriazooplankton – microscopic consumers

اسلاید ۱۷: ۱۷Large bodies of standing water develop thermal stratification.Epilimnion – upper region, warmestHypolimnion – deeper, coolerThermocline – buffer zone between warmest and coolest layers

اسلاید ۱۸: ۱۸Insert figure 26.19Profiles of a lake

اسلاید ۱۹: Friday, May 4, 201819Classification of Microorganisms

اسلاید ۲۰: Friday, May 4, 201820Over 1.5 million different organisms have been identified to date. Many similarities among living organisms: Made up of cells surrounded by a plasma membrane. Use ATP as energy source. Store genetic information as DNA. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. Both differences and similarities among organisms are caused by natural selection (Darwin, 1858). Organisms can be classified into taxonomic categories (taxa), based on the differences and similarities among them.Classification …

اسلاید ۲۱: Friday, May 4, 201821 Ancient Greeks classified all living organisms into two groups Kingdom Plantae Kingdom AnimaliaIn 1850s bacteria and fungi were incorrectly placed in the Plant Kingdom. In 1860s Kingdom Protista was proposed to include bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa, but many scientists still classified bacteria and fungi as plants. Classification …

اسلاید ۲۲: Friday, May 4, 201822In 1930s electron microscopy made it clear that bacterial cells lacked a nucleus. The term prokaryote was introduced in 1937. In 1959 Kingdom Fungi was established. In 1961 the current definition of the term prokaryote was established. In 1968 the Kingdom Prokaryote was accepted by biologists. In 1969 Robert Whitaker proposed a five-kingdom system of biological classification for all living organisms.Classification …

اسلاید ۲۳: Friday, May 4, 201823Five-Kingdom System of Biological Classification Proposed in 1969 by Robert Whitaker :1. Kingdom Prokaryotes (Monera): Oldest known cells. Lived over 3.5 billion years ago. Lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.The other four kingdoms are eukaryotes. Have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles.2. Kingdom Protista: Mostly unicellular, lack tissue organization. Most have flagella during life.3. Kingdom Fungi: May be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds). Many are saprotrophs. 4. Kingdom Plantae: Multicellular, photosynthetic.5. Kingdom Animalia: Multicellular, heterotrophs that ingest food through a mouth or oral cavity.

اسلاید ۲۴: Friday, May 4, 201824Five-Kingdom Classification System

اسلاید ۲۵: Friday, May 4, 201825 Recent developments in molecular biology and biochemistry have revealed that there are two types of prokaryotic cells, based on differences in their ribosomes, cell walls, and metabolism.1. Eubacteria: “True bacteria”. Cell wall contains peptidoglycan. Sensitive to antibiotics.2. Archaeabacteria: “Ancient bacteria” Cell walls lack peptidoglycan, resistant to antibiotics. Live in extreme environments Three kingdoms:1. Methanogens: Strict anaerobes that produce methane.2. Extreme Halophiles: Require high salt concentrations.3. Thermoacidophiles: Live in hot, acidic environments.Prokaryotic Organisms

اسلاید ۲۶: Friday, May 4, 201826Eukaryotic OrganismsEukaryotic CellsHave:Complex Internal Membrane System Compartmentalization Membrane-Enclosed OrganellesDNA is enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleusIncludes: Animal & Plant cells Eukaryotic Microorganisms

اسلاید ۲۷: Friday, May 4, 201827ProkaryoteEukaryoteSimpler internal structureAbsence of nucleusOne circular chromosome, not in a membraneNo histonesNo membrane enclosed organellesPeptidoglycan cell wallsBinary fission for cell divisionSmallerContain nucleusPaired chromosomes, in nuclear membraneHistonesMembrane enclosed organellesSimple (polysaccharide) cell wallsCell division by mitosis or meiosisLarger

اسلاید ۲۸: Friday, May 4, 201828Structure of Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cell

اسلاید ۲۹: Friday, May 4, 201829VirusesNon cellularObligate intracellular parasitesThey must live inside another cell to surviveHave only one type of nucleic acidDNA or RNA (never both)Single or Double strandedProtein coat (no plasma membrane)Few to no enzymesTakes enzymes and use host cell metabolic machineryNo metabolic activityThey require a host cell to exhibit the characteristics of life.Virus diversityDifferent viruses have different hostsOnly some viruses cause disease

اسلاید ۳۰: Friday, May 4, 201830SizeTypical prokaryote: 1 – 5 m longTypical Eukaryotic cell: 10 – 100 mTypical virus: 50 – 80 nm

اسلاید ۳۱: Friday, May 4, 201831طبقه بندی میکروارگانیسمها از نظر نیازهای تغذیه ای و انرژی

اسلاید ۳۲: فتواتوتروفها:جلبکها، سیانوباکترها و باکتریهای فتوسنتزکننده (جدول ۱-۲- صفحه ۶۴)از نور به عنوان منبع انرژی و از CO2 به عنوان منبع کربن و از H2O, H2 یا H2S به عنوان دهنده الکترون استفاده میکنند.فتوهتروتروفها یا فتوارگانوتروفها:تمامی هتروتروفهای اختیاری که از نور به عنوان منبع انرژی و از ترکیبات آلی به عنوان منابع کربن و دهندگان الکترون استفاده میکنند.باکتریهای غیرسولفور ارغوانی، رودوسپیریلاسه

اسلاید ۳۳: شیمیواتوتروفها (لیتوتروفها):انرژی از طریق اکسیداسیون ترکیبات معدنی از جمله NH4, NO2, H2S و … و CO2 به عنوان منبع کربناغلب هوازی هستند.باکتریهای نیتریفایر (منبع انرژی نیتروزوموناس و نیتروباکتر به ترتیب NH4+ و NO2-)باکتریهای گوگرد (منبع انرژی تیوتریکس از H2S و تیوباسیلوس از گوگرد عنصری) باکتریهای آهن (منبع انرژی سایدروکاپسا از Fe2+)باکتریهای هیدروژن (منبع انرژی هیدروژنوموناس از H2 )ارگانوتروفها (هتروتروفها):اکثر باکتریها، قارچها و