پاورپوینت کامل واکنش های شیمیایی ۴۹ اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل واکنش های شیمیایی ۴۹ اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: ۴The amount of oxygen is found from the oxygen balance. It is better to conserve species on a monatomic basis as shown for the oxygen balance.Note: Mole numbers are not conserved, but we have conserved the mass on a total basis as well as a specie basis.The complete combustion process is also called the stoichiometric combustion, and all coefficients are called the stoichiometric coefficients.In most combustion processes, oxygen is supplied in the form of air rather than pure oxygen.Air is assumed to be 21 percent oxygen and 79 percent nitrogen on a volume basis. For ideal gas mixtures, percent by volume is equal to percent by moles. Thus, for each mole of oxygen in air, there exists 79/21 = 3.76 moles of nitrogen. Therefore, complete or theoretical combustion of octane with air can be written as

اسلاید ۵: ۵Air-Fuel RatioSince the total moles of a mixture are equal to the sum of moles of each component, there are 12.5(1 + 3.76) = 59.5 moles of air required for each mole of fuel for the complete combustion process.Often complete combustion of the fuel will not occur unless there is an excess of air present greater than just the theoretical air required for complete combustion. To determine the amount of excess air supplied for a combustion process, let us define the air-fuel ratio AF as Thus, for the above example, the theoretical air-fuel ratio is

اسلاید ۶: ۶On a mass basis, the theoretical air-fuel ratio isPercent Theoretical and Percent Excess AirIn most cases, more than theoretical air is supplied to ensure complete combustion and to reduce or eliminate carbon monoxide (CO) from the products of combustion. The amount of excess air is usually expressed as percent theoretical air and percent excess air.

اسلاید ۷: ۷Show that these results may be expressed in terms of the moles of oxygen only asExample 15-2Write the combustion equation for complete combustion of octane with 120 percent theoretical air (20 percent excess air).Note that (1)(12.5)O2 is required for complete combustion to produce 8 kmol of carbon dioxide and 9 kmol of water; therefore, (0.2)(12.5)O2 is found as excess oxygen in the products.

اسلاید ۸: ۸Second method to balance the equation for excess air (see the explanation of this technique in the text) is:Incomplete Combustion with Known Percent Theoretical AirExample 15-3Consider combustion of C8H18 with 120 % theoretical air where 80 % C in the fuel goes into CO2.

اسلاید ۹: ۹O balance gives Why is X > 2.5Then the balanced equation isCombustion Equation When Product Gas Analysis Is KnownExample 15-4Propane gas C3H8 is reacted with air such that the dry product gases are 11.5 percent CO2, 2.7 percent O2, and 0.7 percent CO by volume. What percent theoretical air was supplied What is the dew point temperature of the products if the product pressure is 100 kPaWe assume 100 kmol of dry product gases; then the percent by volume can be interpreted to be mole numbers. But we do not know how much fuel and air were supplied or water formed to get the 100 kmol of dry product gases.

اسلاید ۱۰: ۱۰The unknown coefficients A, B, and X are found by conservation of mass for each species. The balanced equation isSecond method to find the coefficient A:Assume the remainder of the 100 kmol of dry product gases is N2.

اسلاید ۱۱: ۱۱Then A is These two methods don’t give the same results for A, but they are close.What would be the units on the coefficients in the balanced combustion equationLater in the chapter we will determine the energy released by the combustion process in the form of heat transfer to the surroundings. To simplify this calculation it is generally better to write the combustion equation per kmol of fuel. To write the combustion equation per unit kmol of fuel, divide by 4.07:The actual air-fuel ratio is

اسلاید ۱۲: ۱۲The theoretical combustion equation isThe theoretical air-fuel ratio isThe percent theoretical air is

اسلاید ۱۳: ۱۳orThe percent excess air isDew Point TemperatureThe dew point temperature for the product gases is the temperature at which the water in the product gases would begin to condense when the products are cooled at constant pressure. The dew point temperature is equal to the saturation temperature of the water at its partial pressure in the products.

اسلاید ۱۴: ۱۴Example 15-5Determine dew point temperature of the products for Example 15-4.What would happen if the product gases are cooled to 100oC or to 30oC

اسلاید ۱۵: ۱۵Example 15-6An unknown hydrocarbon fuel, CXHY is reacted with air such that the dry product gases are 12.1 percent CO2, 3.8 percent O2, and 0.9 percent CO by volume. What is the average makeup of the fuelWe assume 100 kmol (do you have to always assume 100 kmol) of dry product gases; then the percent by volume can be interpreted to be mole numbers. We do not know how much air was supplied or water formed to get the 100 kmol of dry product gases, but we assume 1 kmol of unknown fuel.The five unknown coefficients A, B, D, X, and Y are found