پاورپوینت کامل Theories of Motivation 49 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل Theories of Motivation 49 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Theories of motivationAll of the theories depend on the individual’s perception of what is a valued motivator. What will be perceived as a motivator depends on the individual’s needs.

اسلاید ۵: Content theories“Content theories” of motivation focus on the content of the motivator. Three researchers whose content theories of motivation are widely used are Abraham Maslow, David McClelland, and Frederick Herzberg.

اسلاید ۶: Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow assumes that what motivates people is unmet needs. According to Maslow, the needs that motivate people fall into five basic categories: physiological needs (the most basic need), security needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs (the highest-level need).

اسلاید ۷: Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of NeedsPhysiological needs are the ones required for survival. Security needs involve keeping oneself free from harm. Social needs are the desire for love, friendship, and companionship. Esteem needs are the need for self-esteem and the respect of others. Self-actualization needs describe the desire to live up to one’s full potential. People may be seeking to meet more than one category of needs at a time.

اسلاید ۸: McClelland’s Achievement-Power-Affiliation TheoryThis motivation theory is based on the assumption that through life experiences, people develop various needs. The three needs include:(1) The need for achievementthe desire to do something better than it has been done before.(2) The need for powerthe desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people.(3) The need for affiliationthe desire to maintain close and friendly personal relationships.

اسلاید ۹: People have all of these needs to some extent.The relative strength of the needs influences what will motivate a person.

اسلاید ۱۰: Hertzberg’s Two-Factor TheoryEmployees’ satisfaction and dissatisfaction stem from different sources.Dissatisfaction results from the absence of what Hertzberg calls hygiene factors.salaryrelationship with othersSatisfaction results from the presence of motivating factors.opportunities

اسلاید ۱۱: The supervisor has control of many of the motivating factors, includingrecognition,responsibility,advancement, andpersonal growth.

اسلاید ۱۲: Process پاورپوینت کامل Theories of Motivation 49 اسلاید در PowerPointAnother way to explain motivation is to look at it as a process.Two major process theories are expectancy-valence theory and reinforcement theory.

اسلاید ۱۳: Vroom ‘s Expectancy- Valence TheoryVictor Vroom assumes that people act as they do to satisfy needs they feel. He sets out to explain what determines the intensity of people’s motivation.

اسلاید ۱۴: He explains that motivation depends on two things:(1) Valencethe value a person places on the outcome of a particular behavior.(2) Expectancythe perceived probability that the behavior will lead to the outcome.

اسلاید ۱۵: The strength of motivation equals the perceived value of the outcome times the perceived probability of the behavior resulting in the outcome. In other words, people are most motivated to seek results they value highly and think they can achieve.

اسلاید ۱۶: This theory is based on employees’ perceptions of rewards and whether they are able to achieve those rewards. It is important to note that employees may place different values on rewards and their ability to achieve the outcome than does the supervisor. Supervisors need to determine from the employees what is rewarding and what is possible to achieve.

اسلاید ۱۷: ReinforcementSupervisors can encourage or discourage a particular kind of behavior by the way they respond to the behavior. Consequences can be thought of as:(1) Reinforcementthe desired consequence for behavior. This term is used to indicate positive consequences for desired behavior. This is also used to indicate the outcome for ceasing negative behavior.

اسلاید ۱۸: (۲) Punishmentan unpleasant consequence of a behavior a supervisor wants to end. This is sometimes described as negative reinforcement

اسلاید ۱۹: Behavior Modification: The use of reinforcement and punishment to motivate people to behave in certain way.For long term results, positive reinfo