پاورپوینت کامل The Biological Bases of Behavior 68 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل The Biological Bases of Behavior 68 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Neurons: Defining and TypesA NEURON is a nerve cell. There are three basic types of neurons (diagram):Sensory Neurons: Afferent neurons that detect stimuli from sense organs and relay this information TO the brain and/or spinal cord.Motor Neurons: Efferent neurons that receive signals from the brain and/or spinal cord and relay this information to glands and muscles.Interneurons: neurons in the brain and spinal cord that coodinate activity between sensory and motor neurons.Three Types of Neurons in action!Glial Cells: provide nutrients to neurons, insulate neurons, and remove debris when neurons die.

اسلاید ۵: Neuroanatomy (diagram)

اسلاید ۶: The Neural Impulse (diagram)Intraneural transmission: within on neuronThis is an ELECTRICAL processOccurs as a result of the exchange of charged particles called ions

اسلاید ۷: Neural Impulse: Resting PotentialWhen more negative ions are inside the neuron than outsideNeuron is not transmitting informationSimilar to a compressed springThe neuron is POLARIZED – meaning it has a charge (-)System WANTS to reach equilibrium and balance charges, but selectively permeable membrane is closed when in this state known as resting potential

اسلاید ۸: Neural Impulse: Action PotentialSudden, massive change in charge in the neuronNeuron reaches the threshold of excitation when neighboring neurons’ excitatory signals outnumber inhibitory signals Ions flow across cell membrane down axon (domino effect) facilitated by myelin sheathNa+ in, K+ outNeuron fires and DEPOLARIZES – no charge

اسلاید ۹: Neural Impulse: All-or-None LawA neuron either fires or it does notWhen it does fire, it will always produce an impulse of the same strengthIntensity of a stimulus is coded by the frequency of action potentials or the number of neurons that fire

اسلاید ۱۰: Neural Impulse: RefractoryAbsolute refractory periodPeriod immediately after an action potential when another action potential cannot occurRelative refractory periodPeriod following absolute refractory period when a neuron will only respond to a stronger than normal impulseDuring the refractory period, the neuron is trying to get back to resting potential by pumping out K+ ions!Dude…I’m in refractory. No action potential here…Hmpf.

اسلاید ۱۱: So…Impulse has traveled down the length of the axonSignal end up at terminal buttons, very end points of the axon terminalsThen whatSignal must get to other neurons, but how

اسلاید ۱۲: The Synapse (diagram)The synapseComposed of the terminal button of one neuron, the synaptic space, and the dendrites or cell body of the receiving neuronSynaptic space (synaptic cleft)Tiny gap between neuronsMessages must travel across the space to get from one neuron to the next

اسلاید ۱۳: Transmission Between NeuronsInterneural: between neuronsa CHEMICAL processSynaptic vesiclesSacs in terminal button that release chemicals into synaptic spaceNeurotransmittersChemicals released by synaptic vesiclesReceptor sitesLocation on receptor neuron for specific neurotransmitterLock and keyReuptake“Recycling” neurotransmittersPresynapticNeuronPostsynapticNeuron

اسلاید ۱۴: Putting it together…

اسلاید ۱۵: Neurotransmitters and Behavior (diagram)Neurotransmitters regulate many aspects of behaviorAn imbalance of neurotransmitters may cause maladaptive behaviorNeurotransmitters may be inhibitory, excitatory or both

اسلاید ۱۶: Drugs and NeurotransmittersDrugs’ impact on the body has helped scientists discover neurotransmitters, neuropeptides (e.g. amino acids such as endorphins) and neuromodulators that can increase or decrease the activity of certain neurotransmittersHow do drugs workAgonists mimic or prevent reuptake (1, 3)Antagonists block neurotransmission (2)

اسلاید ۱۷: PsychopharmacologyBotulismBlocks release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis“Botox” is botulism toxin used to prevent facial muscles from making wrinklesCurare – found in vines in S. America; used as poisonCan stun or kill prey quicklyBlocks ACh receptors causing paralysisAntipsychotic medicationsBlock dopamine receptorsReduces schizophrenic hallucinationsCaffeineIncreases the release of excitatory neurotransmitters by blocking the inhibitory neurotransmitter adenosineCocainePrevents reuptake of dopamineLeads to heightened arousal of entire nervous system

اسلاید ۱۸: The Nervous System (diagram)

اسلاید ۱۹: The Autonomic Nervous System (diagram)Fight-or-flight responseSympathetic: ArousesParasympathetic: Calms

اسلاید ۲۰: Central Nervous System (CNS)BrainEnables all functioningBillions of neurons and their connectionsThese neurons work together in neural networks to facilitate efficient output.As we learn, these networks strengthenSpinal CordConnects brain to PNSHandles reflexesCentral Nervous SystemBrainSpinal CordI rule.

اسلاید ۲۱: The Endocrine System (diagram)Helps coordinate and integrate complex psychological reactionsEndocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstreamHormones serve to organize the nervous system and bodyHormones also activate behavior, such as sexual behavior, hunger and aggressionI hate being naked in front of all these students…Tell me about it!

اسلاید ۲۲: Endocrine Glands (diagram)Thyroid glandSecretes hormones (primarily thyroxin) that control metabolismHypothyroidism and HyperthyroidismPineal glandSleep-wake cycleSecretes melatoninPancreasRegulates blood-sugar levelsSecretes insulinDiabetesPituitary glandReferred to as the “master gland” regulates many other glandsAdrenal glandsReaction to stressSecretes adrenaline (epinephrine)GonadsOvaries and testes secrete estrogens and androgensGot diabeeetusDunno.diabeetusfetus

اسلاید ۲۳: The BrainWithout our brains, we would really be nothing!“The mind is what the brain does”

اسلاید ۲۴: Studying the BrainStudying the brain through lesions or damaged areas“Ta” and Phineas GageExperiments in rats – hypothalamus lesionsMonitoring Electrical Activity: the EEGElectroencephalograms provide information about cortical activityRecord electrical activity of neurons on surface of brain (neural