پاورپوینت کامل Schizophrenia 39 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل Schizophrenia 39 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Etiologyپاورپوینت کامل Schizophrenia 39 اسلاید در PowerPoint is a misregulation of information in the brainMany different NT pathways are hypothesized to be involved in the biological basis of the disorderGenetics may be an important roleThe environment may trigger a possible genetic predisposition

اسلاید ۵: EtiologyDespite years of research there is no consensus on a single etiology for this disorder

اسلاید ۶: Symptomsپاورپوینت کامل Schizophrenia 39 اسلاید در PowerPoint has been broken down into two sets of symptomsPositive and NegativePositive SymptomsHallucinationsDelusionsDisorganized Speech, Behavior and MovementsIncrease in goal directed activityIllogical thoughts

اسلاید ۷: Negative SymptomsBlunted AffectImpaired emotional responsivenessApathyLoss of motivation and interestSocial withdrawal

اسلاید ۸: Atypical vs TraditionalTraditional Antipsychotics only alleviate the positive symptomsAtypical drugs however treat both the positive and negative symptomsLower extrapyrimidal effects Act on 5HT2 as well as D2More expensive

اسلاید ۹: Role of DopamineOriginal theory proposed that an over activation of DA led to schizophrenic symptomsMore recently it has been hypothesized that Positive symptoms are caused by an over activation of specific DA pathwaysNegative symptoms arise from and under activation of different DA pathways

اسلاید ۱۰: Role of Dopamine DA subtypesDA1 receptorsDA1, D1BDA2 receptorsD2, D3 and D4DA1 and DA2 exert opposite actions on intracellular mechanismsTraditional view of antipsychotics were that they antagonize D2 and D4 receptorsThe problem with these drugs were that they caused Parkinson like symptoms, tardive dyskinesias and may worsen negative symptoms

اسلاید ۱۱: Atypical AntipsychoticsThere is no agreement on what biological actions define atypical antipsychoticsThese drugs are thought to block D2 receptors Have a possible effect on D1, 5HT2 or adrenergic receptor blockadeSome are thought to effect D3 and D4Problem with atypicals is that their action on D2 receptors also may cause side effects involving movement disorders

اسلاید ۱۲: Serotonin InvolvementObservations of psychedelic drugs psilocybin and LSD Cause a state similar to schizophreniaThese drugs are 5-HT agonist5-HT antagonism may have therapeutic efficacy

اسلاید ۱۳: Serotonin Involvement Serotonin’s exact mechanisms of action are unclearAutopsy results show reduced 5HT2 receptors in the prefrontal cortexPET studies of living schizophrenics have not confirmed these findingsStudies show a possibility of serotonin-glutamate interactionDrug-induced serotonin blocking limits glutamate release

اسلاید ۱۴: Glutamate HypothesisNMDA over activity leads to an excessive excitatory neurotransmission in the fontal cortexThis damages cortical neurons which causes degener