پاورپوینت کامل chapter 12 congestion in data networks 49 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل chapter 12 congestion in data networks 49 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Effects of CongestionPackets arriving are stored at input buffersRouting decision madePacket moves to output bufferPackets queued for output transmitted as fast as possibleStatistical time division multiplexingIf packets arrive to fast to be routed, or to be output, buffers will fillCan discard packetsCan use flow controlCan propagate congestion through network

اسلاید ۵: Interaction of Queues

اسلاید ۶: Ideal Performance

اسلاید ۷: Practical PerformanceIdeal assumes infinite buffers and no overheadBuffers are finiteOverheads occur in exchanging congestion control messages

اسلاید ۸: Effects of Congestion – No Control

اسلاید ۹: Mechanisms for Congestion Control

اسلاید ۱۰: BackpressureIf node becomes congested it can slow down or halt flow of packets from other nodesMay mean that other nodes have to apply control on incoming packet ratesPropagates back to sourceCan restrict to logical connections generating most trafficUsed in connection oriented that allow hop by hop congestion control (e.g. X.25)Not used in ATM nor frame relayOnly recently developed for IP

اسلاید ۱۱: Choke PacketControl packet Generated at congested nodeSent to source nodee.g. ICMP source quenchFrom router or destinationSource cuts back until no more source quench messageSent for every discarded packet, or anticipatedRather crude mechanism

اسلاید ۱۲: Implicit Congestion SignalingTransmission delay may increase with congestionPacket may be discardedSource can detect these as implicit indications of congestionUseful on connectionless (datagram) networkse.g. IP based(TCP includes congestion and flow control – see chapter 17)Used in frame relay LAPF

اسلاید ۱۳: Explicit Congestion SignalingNetwork alerts end systems of increasing congestionEnd systems take steps to reduce offered loadBackwardsCongestion avoidance in opposite direction to packet requiredForwardsCongestion avoidance in same direction as packet required

اسلاید ۱۴: Categories of Explicit SignalingBinaryA bit set in a packet indicates congestionCredit basedIndicates how many packets source may sendCommon for end to end flow controlRate basedSupply explicit data rate limite.g. ATM

اسلاید ۱۵: Traffic ManagementFairnessQuality of serviceMay want different treatment for different connectionsReservationse.g. ATMTraffic contract between user and network

اسلاید ۱۶: Congestion Control in Packet Switched NetworksSend control packet to some or all source nodesRequires additional traffic during congestionRely on routing informationMay react too quicklyEnd to end probe packetsAdds to overheadAdd congestion info to packets as they cross nodesEither backwards or forwards

اسلاید ۱۷: ATM Traffic ManagementHigh speed, small cell size, limited overhead bitsStill evolvingRequirementsMajority of traffic not amenable to flow controlFeedback slow due to reduced transmission time compared with