پاورپوینت کامل (Internetwork protocols (chapter 15 78 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل (Internetwork protocols (chapter 15 78 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Internetworking Terms (3)BridgeIS used to connect two LANs using similar LAN protocolsAddress filter passing on packets to the required network onlyOSI layer 2 (Data Link)RouterConnects two (possibly dissimilar) networksUses internet protocol present in each router and end systemOSI Layer 3 (Network)

اسلاید ۵: Internetworking Protocols

اسلاید ۶: Requirements of InternetworkingLink between networksMinimum physical and link layerRouting and delivery of data between processes on different networksAccounting services and status infoIndependent of network architectures

اسلاید ۷: Network Architecture FeaturesAddressingPacket sizeAccess mechanismTimeoutsError recoveryStatus reportingRoutingUser access controlConnection based or connectionless

اسلاید ۸: Architectural ApproachesConnection orientedConnectionless

اسلاید ۹: Connection OrientedAssume that each network is connection orientedIS connect two or more networksIS appear as DTE to each networkLogical connection set up between DTEsConcatenation of logical connections across networksIndividual network virtual circuits joined by ISMay require enhancement of local network services802, FDDI are datagram services

اسلاید ۱۰: Connection Oriented IS FunctionsRelayingRoutinge.g. X.75 used to interconnect X.25 packet switched networksConnection oriented not often used(IP dominant)

اسلاید ۱۱: Connectionless OperationCorresponds to datagram mechanism in packet switched networkEach NPDU treated separatelyNetwork layer protocol common to all DTEs and routersKnown generically as the internet protocolInternet ProtocolOne such internet protocol developed for ARPANETRFC 791 (Get it and study it)Lower layer protocol needed to access particular network

اسلاید ۱۲: Connectionless InternetworkingAdvantagesFlexibilityRobustNo unnecessary overheadUnreliableNot guaranteed deliveryNot guaranteed order of deliveryPackets can take different routesReliability is responsibility of next layer up (e.g. TCP)

اسلاید ۱۳: IP Operation

اسلاید ۱۴: Design IssuesRoutingDatagram lifetimeFragmentation and re-assemblyError controlFlow control

اسلاید ۱۵: RoutingEnd systems and routers maintain routing tablesIndicate next router to which datagram should be sentStatic May contain alternative routesDynamicFlexible response to congestion and errorsSource routingSource specifies route as sequential list of routers to be followedSecurityPriorityRoute recording

اسلاید ۱۶: Datagram LifetimeDatagrams could loop indefinitelyConsumes resourcesTransport protocol may need upper bound on datagram lifeDatagram marked with lifetime Time To Live field in IPOnce lifetime expires, datagram discarded (not forwarded)Hop countDecrement time to live on passing through a each routerTime countNeed to know how long since last router(Aside: compare with Logan’s Run)

اسلاید ۱۷: Fragmentation and Re-assemblyDifferent packet sizesWhen to re-assembleAt destinationResults in packets getting smaller as data traverses internetIntermediate re-assemblyNeed large buffers at routersBuffers may fill with fragmentsAll fragments must go through same routerInhibits dynamic routing

اسلاید ۱۸: IP Fragmentation (1)IP re-assembles at destination onlyUses fields in headerData Unit Identifier (ID)Identifies end system originated datagramSource and destination addressProtocol layer generating data (e.g. TCP)Identification supplied by that layerData lengthLength of user data in octets

اسلاید ۱۹: IP Fragmentation (2)OffsetPosition of fragment of user data in original datagramIn multiples of 64 bits (8 octets)More flagIndicates that this is not the last fragment

اسلاید ۲۰: Fragmentation Example

اسلاید ۲۱: Dealing with FailureRe-assembly may fail if some fragments get lostNeed to detect failureRe-assembly time outAssigned to first fragment to arriveIf timeout expires before all fragments arrive, discard partial dataUse packet lifetime (time to live in IP)If time to live runs out, kill partial data

اسلاید ۲۲: Error ControlNot guaranteed deliveryRouter should attempt to inform source if packet discarded e.g. for time to live expiringSource may modify transmission strategyMay inform high layer protocolDatagram identification needed(Look up ICMP)

اسلاید ۲۳: Flow ControlAllows routers and/or stations to limit rate of incoming dataLimited in connectionless systemsSend flow control packetsRequesting reduced flowe.g. ICMP

اسلاید ۲۴: Internet Protocol (IP)Part of TCP/IPUs