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پاورپوینت کامل Chapter 8: Application Design and Development 59 اسلاید در PowerPoint
اسلاید ۴: The World Wide WebThe Web is a distributed information system based on hypertext.Most Web documents are hypertext documents formatted via the HyperText Markup Language (HTML)HTML documents containtext along with font specifications, and other formatting instructionshypertext links to other documents, which can be associated with regions of the text.forms, enabling users to enter data which can then be sent back to the Web server
اسلاید ۵: A formatted report
اسلاید ۶: Web Interfaces to DatabasesWhy interface databases to the WebWeb browsers have become the de-facto standard user interface to databasesEnable large numbers of users to access databases from anywhereAvoid the need for downloading/installing specialized code, while providing a good graphical user interfaceExamples: banks, airline and rental car reservations, university course registration and grading, an so on.
اسلاید ۷: Web Interfaces to Database (Cont.)Dynamic generation of documentsLimitations of static HTML documentsCannot customize fixed Web documents for individual users.Problematic to update Web documents, especially if multiple Web documents replicate data.Solution: Generate Web documents dynamically from data stored in a database. Can tailor the display based on user information stored in the database.E.g. tailored ads, tailored weather and local news, …Displayed information is up-to-date, unlike the static Web pagesE.g. stock market information, ..
اسلاید ۸: Uniform Resources LocatorsIn the Web, functionality of pointers is provided by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs).URL example: http://ics/book/db-book The first part indicates how the document is to be accessed “http” indicates that the document is to be accessed using the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.The second part gives the unique name of a machine on the Internet.The rest of the URL identifies the document within the machine.The local identification can be:The path name of a file on the machine, orAn identifier (path name) of a program, plus arguments to be passed to the programE.g. http://www/searchq=silberschatz
اسلاید ۹: HTML and HTTPHTML provides formatting, hypertext link, and image display features.HTML also provides input featuresSelect from a set of optionsPop-up menus, radio buttons, check listsEnter valuesText boxesFilled in input sent back to the server, to be acted upon by an executable at the serverHyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) used for communication with the Web server
اسلاید ۱۰: Sample HTML Source Text <html> <body> <table border cols = 3> <tr> <td> A-101 </td> <td> Downtown </td> <td> 500 </td> </tr> … </table> <center> The <i>account</i> relation </center> <form action=“BankQuery” method=get> Select account/loan and enter number <br> <select name=“type”> <option value=“account” selected> Account <option> value=“Loan”> Loan </select> <input type=text size=5 name=“number”> <input type=submit value=“submit”> </form> </body> </html>
اسلاید ۱۱: Display of Sample HTML Source
اسلاید ۱۲: Client Side Scripting and AppletsBrowsers can fetch certain scripts (client-side scripts) or programs along with documents, and execute them in “safe mode” at the client siteJavascriptMacromedia Flash and Shockwave for animation/gamesVRMLAppletsClient-side scripts/programs allow documents to be activeE.g., animation by executing programs at the local siteE.g. ensure that values entered by users satisfy some correctness checksPermit flexible interaction with the user.Executing programs at the client site speeds up interaction by avoiding many round trips to server
اسلاید ۱۳: Client Side Scripting and SecuritySecurity mechanisms needed to ensure that malicious scripts do not cause damage to the client machineEasy for limited capability scripting languages, harder for general purpose programming languages like JavaE.g. Java’s security system ensures that the Java applet code does not make any system calls directlyDisallows dangerous actions such as file writesNotifies the user about potentially dangerous actions, and allows the option to abort the program or to continue execution.
اسلاید ۱۴: Web ServersA Web server can easily serve as a front end to a variety of information services.The document name in a URL may identify an executable program, that, when run, generates a HTML document.When a HTTP server receives a request for such a document, it executes the program, and sends back the HTML document that is generated.The Web client can pass extra arguments with the name of the document.To install a new service on the Web, one simply needs to create and install an executable that provides that service.The Web browser provides a graphical user interface to the information mon Gateway Interface (CGI): a standard interface between web and application server
اسلاید ۱۵: Three-Tier Web Architecture
اسلاید ۱۶: Two-Tier Web ArchitectureMultiple levels of indirection have overheadsAlternative: two-tier architecture
اسلاید ۱۷: HTTP and SessionsThe HTTP protocol is connectionlessThat is, once the server replies to a request, the server closes the connection with the client, and forgets all about the requestIn contrast, Unix logins, and JDBC/ODBC connections stay connected until the client disconnects retaining user authentication and other informationMotivation: reduces load on server operating systems have tight limits on number of open connections on a machineInformation services need session informationE.g. user authentication should be done only once per sessionSolution: use a cookie
اسلاید ۱۸: Sessions and CookiesA cookie is a small piece of text containing identifying informationSent by server to browser on first interactionSent by browser to the server that created the cookie on further interactionspart of the HTTP protocolServer saves information about cookies it issued, and can use it when serving a requestE.g., authentication information, and user preferencesCookies can be stored permanently or for a limited time
اسلاید ۱۹: ServletsJava Servlet specification defines an API for communication between the Web server and application programE.g. methods to get parameter values and to send HTML text back to clientApplication program (also called a servlet) is loaded into the Web serverTwo-tier modelEach request spawns a new thread in the Web server thread is closed once the request is servicedServlet API provides a getSession() method Sets a cookie on first interaction with browser, and uses it to identify session on further interactionsProvides methods to store and look-up per-session informationE.g. user name, preferences, ..
اسلاید ۲۰: Example Servlet CodePublic class BankQuery(Servlet extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse result) throws ServletException, IOException {String type = request.getParameter(“type”); String number = request.getParameter(“number”); …code to find the loan amount/account balance … …using JDBC to communicate with the database.. …we assume the value is stored in the variable balanceresult.setContentType(“text/html”); PrintWriter out = result.getWriter( ); out.println(“<HEAD><TITLE>Query Result</TITLE></HEAD>”); out.println(“<BODY>”); out.println(“Balance on “ + type + number + “=“ + balance); out.println(“</BODY>”); out.close ( ); }}
اسلاید ۲۱: Server-Side ScriptingServer-side scripting simplifies the task of connecting a database to the WebDefine a HTML document with embedded executable code/SQL queries.Input values from HTML forms can be used directly in the embedded code/SQL queries.When the document is requested, the Web server executes the embedded code/SQL queries to generate the actual HTML document.Numerous server-side scripting languagesJSP, Server-side Javascript, ColdFusion Markup Languag
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