پاورپوینت کامل (Data and Knowledge Management (Chapter 5 118 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل (Data and Knowledge Management (Chapter 5 118 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 44Learning Objectives (Continued)Understand the capabilities and benefits of data mining.Describe data visualization.Explain geographic information systems and virtual reality as decision support tools.Define knowledge and describe the different types of knowledge.

اسلاید ۵: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 454.1 Managing DataDifficulties of Managing Data.Amount of data increases exponentially.Data are scattered and collected by many individuals using various methods and devices.Data come from many sources including internal sources, personal sources and external sources.Data security, quality and integrity are critical.

اسلاید ۶: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 46Managing Data (Continued)Clickstream data. Data that visitors and customers produce when they visit a Website.An ever-increasing amount of data needs to be considered in making organizational decisions.

اسلاید ۷: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 47Data Life Cycle

اسلاید ۸: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 48Hierarchy of Data

اسلاید ۹: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 49Hierarchy of Data (cont’d)

اسلاید ۱۰: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 410Data HierarchyBit (a binary digit): a circuit that is either on or off.Byte: group of 8 bits, represents a single character.Field: name, number, or characters that describe an aspect of a business object or activity.

اسلاید ۱۱: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 411Data Hierarchy (Continued)Record: collection of related data fields.File (or table): collection of related records.Database: a collection of integrated and related files.

اسلاید ۱۲: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4124.2 Database ApproachDatabase management system (DBMS) provides all users with access to all the data.DBMSs minimizes the following problems:Data redundancy: the same data stored in many places.Data isolation: applications cannot access data associated with other applications.Data inconsistency: various copies of the data do not agree.

اسلاید ۱۳: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 413Database Approach (Continued)DBMSs maximize the following issues:Data security.Data integrity: data meets certain constraints, no alphabetic characters in zip code field.Data independence: applications and data are independent of one another, all applications are able to access the same data.

اسلاید ۱۴: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 414Designing the DatabaseData model. Diagram that represents the entities in the database and their relationships.Entity is a person, place, thing or event.Attribute is a characteristic or quality of a particular entity.Primary key is a field that uniquely identifies that record.Secondary keys are fields that have identifying information but may not identify with complete accuracy.

اسلاید ۱۵: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 415Entity-Relationship ModelingDatabase designers plan the database design in a process called entity-relationship (ER) modeling.ER diagrams consists of entities, attributes and relationships.Entity classes are a group of entities of a given type, i.e. STUDENT.Instance is the representation of a particular entity, i.e. STUDENT(John Smith, 123-45-6789, …).Identifiers are attributes unique to that entity instance, i.e. StudentIDNumber.

اسلاید ۱۶: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4164.3 Database Management SystemsDatabase management system (DBMS) is a set of programs that provide users with tools to add, delete, access and analyze data stored in one location.Online transaction processing (OLTP) is when transactions are processed as soon as they occur.Relational database model is based on the concept of two-dimensional tables.Popular examples of relational databases are Microsoft Access and Oracle.

اسلاید ۱۷: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 417Query LanguagesStructured query language (SQL) is the most popular query language used to request information.Query by example (QBE) is a grid or template that a user fills out to construct a sample or description of the data wanted.

اسلاید ۱۸: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 418Relational Database Management SystemsNormalization is a method for analyzing and reducing a relational database to its most streamlined form for:Mimimum redunancy;Maximum data integrity;Best processing performance.Normalized data is when attributes in the table depend only on the primary key.

اسلاید ۱۹: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 419Virtual DatabasesSoftware applications that provide a way of managing many different data sources as though they were all one large database.Benefits of virtual databases include:Lower development costs;Faster development time;Less maintenance;Single point of entry into a company’s data.

اسلاید ۲۰: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 420 The Data Warehouse & Data Management

اسلاید ۲۱: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 421Web-based Data Management Systems – content and information

اسلاید ۲۲: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4224.4 Data WarehousingData warehouse is a repository of historical data organized by subject to support decision makers in the organization and include:Online analytical processing which involves the analysis of accumulated data by end users;Multidimensional data structure which allows data to be represented in a three-dimensional matrix (or data cube).

اسلاید ۲۳: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 423Benefits of Data WarehousingEnd users can access data quickly and easily via Web browsers because they are located in one place.End users can conduct extensive analysis with data in ways that may not have been possible before.End users have a consolidated view of organizational data.

اسلاید ۲۴: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 424Data Marts & Data MiningData mart is a small data warehouse, designed for the end-user needs in a strategic business unit (SBU) or a department.Data mining involves searching for valuable business information in a large database, data warehouse, or data mart.Used to predict trends and behaviors.Identify previously unknown patterns.

اسلاید ۲۵: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 425Data Mining ApplicationsRetailing and sales. Predict sales, prevent theft and fraud, determine correct inventory levels and distribution schedules.Banking. Forecast levels of bad loans, fraudulent credit card use, predict credit card spending by new customers, etc.Manufacturing and production. Predict machinery failures, find key factors to help optimize manufacturing capacity.Insurance. Forecast claim amounts, medical coverage costs, predict which customers will buy new insurance policies.

اسلاید ۲۶: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 426Data Mining Applications (Continued)Policework. Track crime patterns, locations, criminal behavior; identify attributes to assist in solving criminal cases.Health care. Correlate demographics of patients with critical illnesses, develop better insight to identify and treat symptoms and their causes.Marketing. Classify customer demographics to predict how customers will respond to mailing or buy a particular product.

اسلاید ۲۷: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4274.5 Data Visualization TechnologiesGeographic Information Systems (GIS) is a computer-based system for capturing, integrating, manipulating and displaying data using digitized maps.Find locations for new restaurants.Emerging GIS applications integrated with global positioning systems (GPSs).Virtual Reality is interactive, computer-generated, three-dimensional graphics delivered to the user through a head-mounted display.

اسلاید ۲۸: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4284.6 Knowledge ManagementKnowledge management (KM) is a process that helps organizations manipulate important knowledge that is part of the organization’s memory, usually in an unstructured format.Knowledge is information that is contextual, relevant and actionable; information in action.Intellectual capital (or intellectual assets) is another term often used for knowledge.

اسلاید ۲۹: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 429Knowledge Management (Continued)Explicit knowledge deals with more objective, rational and technical knowledge.Tacit knowledge is the cumulative store of subjective or experiential learning.Knowledge management systems (KMSs) use modern information technologies – Internet, intranets, extranets, data warehouses – to systemize, enhance and expedite intrafirm and interfirm knowledge management.Best practices are the most effective and efficient ways of doing things, readily available to a wide range of employees.

اسلاید ۳۰: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 430Knowledge Management System CycleCreate knowledge. Determine new ways.Capture knowledge. Identify as valuable.Refine knowledge. Make it actionable.Store knowledge. Store in a reasonable format.Manage knowledge. Verify it is relevant, accurate.Disseminate knowledge. Made available.

اسلاید ۳۱: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 431 Knowledge – Knowledge Management Systems

اسلاید ۳۲: Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 432Data, Knowledge & Information

اسلاید ۳۳: Copyrigh