پاورپوینت کامل Hand Hygiene 50 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل Hand Hygiene 50 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: “Clean Care is Safer Care”

اسلاید ۵: HCAI is a major problem for patient safety and its surveillance and prevention must be a first priority for settings and institutions committed to making health care safer.The impact of HCAI implies prolonged hospital stay, long-term disability, increased resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobials, massive additional financial burden, high costs for patients and their families, excess deaths.Overall estimates indicate that more than 1.4 million patients worldwide in developed and developing countries are affected at any time.

اسلاید ۶: In developed countries, HCAI concerns 5–۱۵% of hospitalized patients and can affect 9–۳۷% of those admitted to intensive care units (ICUs ) .approximately 5 million HCAIs are estimated to occur in acute care hospitals in Europe annually, representing around 25 million extra days of hospital stay and a corresponding economic burden of €۱۳–۲۴ billion.In general, attributable mortality due to HCAI in Europe is estimated to be 1% (50 000 deaths per year), but HCAI contributes to death in at least 2.7% of cases (135 000 deaths per year).The estimated HCAI incidence rate in the USA was 4.5% in 2002 .approximately 99 000 deaths were attributed to HCAI. The annual economic impact of HCAI in the USA was approximately US$ 6.5 billion in 2004.

اسلاید ۷: In the mid-1800s, studies by Ignaz Semmelweis in Vienna, Austria, and Oliver Wendell Holmes in Boston, USA, established that hospital-acquired diseases were transmitted via the hands of HCWs. Historical perspective on hand hygiene in health care He observed that maternal mortality rates, mostly attributable to puerperal fever, were substantially higher in one clinic compared with the other . He also noted that doctors and medical students often went directly to the delivery suite after performing autopsies and had a disagreeable odour on their hands despite handwashing with soap and water before entering the clinic.Semmelweis recommended that hands be scrubbed in a chlorinated lime solution before every patient contact and particularly after leaving the autopsy room. Following the implementation of this measure, the mortality rate fell dramatically to 3% in the clinic most affected and remained low thereafter.

اسلاید ۸: Semmelweis is considered not only the father of hand hygiene, but his intervention is also a model of epidemiologically driven strategies to prevent infection.

اسلاید ۹: A bedridden patient colonized with Gram-positive cocci, in particular at nasal, perineal, and inguinal areas (not shown), as well as axillae and upper extremities. Some environmental surfaces close to the patient are contaminated with Gram-positive cocci, presumably shed by the patient.

اسلاید ۱۰: Contact between the HCW and the patient results in cross-transmission of microorganisms. In this case, Gram-positive cocci from the patient’s own flora transfer to HCW’s hands.

اسلاید ۱۱: Microorganisms survive on hands. long-sleeved white coats may become contaminated by microorganisms during patient care. Althoughevidence to formulate it as a recommendation is limited, long sleeves should be avoided.

اسلاید ۱۲: When growing conditions are optimal (temperature, humidity, absence of hand cleansing, or friction), microorganisms can continue to grow.

اسلاید ۱۳: Bacterial contamination increases linearly over time during patient contact.

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اسلاید ۲۰: Relationship between hand hygiene and the acquisition of health care-associated pathogens several investigators have found that health care-associated acquisition of MRSA was reduced when the antimicrobial soap used for hygienic hand antisepsis was changed. In one of these studies, endemic MRSA in a neonatal ICU was eliminated seven months after introduction of a new hand antiseptic agent (1% triclosan) .In addition to these studies, outbreak investigations have suggested an association between infection and understaffing or overcrowding that was consistently linked with poor adherence to hand hygiene.In another study in ICU, higher staff level was indeed independently associated with a > 30% infection risk reduction and the estimate was made that, if the nurse-to patient ratio was maintained > 2.2, 26.7% of all infections could be avoided.Vicca demonstrated the relationship between understaffing and the spread of MRSA in intensive care.

اسلاید ۲۱: Review of preparations used for hand hygiene WaterPlain (non-antimicrobial) soapAlcoholsChlorhexidineChloroxylenolHexachloropheneIodine and iodophorsTriclosanOther agents

اسلاید ۲۲: Review of preparations used for hand hygiene WaterWhile water is often called a “universal solvent”, it cannot directly remove hydrophobic substances such as fats and oils often present on soiled hands.water alone is not suitable for cleaning soiled hands; soap or detergent must be applied as well as water.

اسلاید ۲۳: Review of preparations used for hand hygiene WaterTap water may contain a variety of microorganisms including human pathogens.Pathogens identified in waterborne nosocomial infections include: Legionella spp., P. aeruginosa, Mycobacterium avium, …

اسلاید ۲۴: Review of preparations used for hand hygiene Tap water qualityTap water, in addition to being a possible source of microbial contamination, may include substances that may interfere with the microbicidal activities of antiseptics and disinfectants.

اسلاید ۲۵: Review of preparations used for hand hygiene Tap water qualityWhile drinkable water may also be ideal for handwashing, available evidence does not support the need for potable water for washing hands.if the water is considered potentially unsafe for handwashing, the use of antibacterial soap alone may not be adequate. Washed hands may require further decontamination with antisept