پاورپوینت کامل Evaluation of Vegetable and Animal Drugs 19 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل Evaluation of Vegetable and Animal Drugs 19 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Phytotherapeutic agents or phytomedicines are standardized herbal preparations consisting of complex mixtures of one or more plants which are used in most countries for the management of various diseases. According to the WHO definition, herbal drugs contain as active ingredients plant parts or plant materials in the crude or processed state plus certain excipients, i.e., solvents, diluents or preservatives. Usually, the active principles responsible for their pharmacological action are unknown. One basic characteristic of phytotherapeutic agents is the fact that they normally do not possess an immediate or strong pharmacological action. For this reason, phytotherapeutic agents are not used for emergency treatment.Definition and main characteristics of herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents)

اسلاید ۵: Other characteristics of herbal medicines are their wide therapeutic use and great acceptance by the population. In contrast to modern medicines, herbal medicines are frequently used to treat chronic diseases. Combinations with chemically defined active substances or isolated constituents are not considered to be herbal medicines. It is important to note that, although homeopathic preparations may frequently contain plants, they are also not considered to be herbal medicines.Conditions for which consumers use phytomedicines in Germany, a country where herbal drugs are widely used, include: common cold (66%), flu (38%), digestive and/or intestinal diseases (25%), headache (25%), insomnia (25%), stomach ulcer (34%), nervousness (21%), circulatory disorders (15%), bronchitis (15%), skin diseases (15%), and fatigue and exhaustion (12%). However, so far, relatively few herbal drugs have been evaluated scientifically to prove their safety, potential benefits and effectiveness. The sources of raw material and the good practices of manufacturing processes are certainly the essential steps for the quality control of herbal medicines.

اسلاید ۶: Phytotherapeutic agents are normally marketed as standardized preparations in the form of liquid, solid (powdered extract), or viscous preparations. They are prepared by maceration, percolation or distillation (volatile oils). Ethanol, water, or mixtures of ethanol and water are used for the production of fluid extracts. Solid or powdered extracts are prepared by evaporation of the solvents used in the process of extraction of the raw material. Some phytotherapeutic agents are greatly concentrated in order to improve their therapeutic efficacy. The standardized powder extract of Ginkgo biloba (50:1), for instance, means that 50 parts of raw material were processed to yield 1 part of standardized powder extract. In this process, it is also possible to remove, when necessary, some secondary metabolites present in the plants which may produce undesirable side effects.

اسلاید ۷: Compared with well-defined synthetic drugs, herbal medicines exhibit some marked differences, namely:the active principles are frequently unknown;standardization, stability and quality control are feasible but not easy;the availability and quality of raw materials are frequently problematic;well-controlled double-blind clinical and toxicological studies to prove their efficacy and safety are rare;empirical use in folk medicine is a very important characteristic;they have a wide range of therapeutic use and are suitable for chronic treatments;the occurrence of undesirable side effects seems to be less frequent with herbal medicines, but well-controlled randomized clinical trials have revealed that they also exist;they usually cost less than synthetic drugs.

اسلاید ۸: The worldwide herbal medicine market and the main causes for the increased interest in herbal medicinesDuring the past decades, public interest in natural therapies, namely herbal medicine, has increased dramatically not only in developing countries but mainly in industrialized countries. This has increased the international trade in herbal medicine enormously and has attracted most of the pharmaceutical companies, including the multinationals. Until a few years ago, only small companies had interest in the marketing of herbal medicines. Currently, most large multinational companies are interested in commercializing herbal drugs.It is estimated that the European market alone reached about $7 billion in 1997. The German market corresponds to about 50% of the European market, about $3.5 billion. This market is followed by France, $1.8 billion; Italy, $700 million; the United Kingdom, $400 million; Spain, $300 million; the Netherlands, about $100 million. European herbal medicines are distributed under 6 basic therapeutic categories: cardiovascular, 27.0%; respiratory, 15.3%; digestive, 14.4%; tonic, 14.4%; hypnotic/sedative, 9.3%; topical, 7.4%; others, 12.0%.

اسلاید ۹: The herbal medical database indicates that the herbal medicine markets in Asia and Japan reach $2.3 and 2.1 billion, respectively. However, in no other country has the herbal medicine marketplace grown more than it has in the in USA. A few years ago, this was a non-existent category of medicine. The US herbal medicine market reached about $3.2 billion in 1996, and $5 billion in 1999. According to a national survey, about 60 million Americans over 18 years of age use herbal drugs to treat colds, burns, headaches, allergies, rashes, depression, diarrhea and menopause, among others. Currently, most medicinal herbs, such as Aloe vera, Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), Echinacea, Alium sativum, Ginkgo biloba, Serenoa repens (saw palmetto), Valeriana officinalis, etc., are cultivated in the USA and exported to Europe and the Orient. As a natural consequence, many large companies have introduced a line of herbal products into their sales.

اسلاید ۱۰: The phytomedicine market has grown at an expressive rate worldwide since 1985 (from 5 to 18% a year). Several important factors have contributed to the growth of this worldwide phytotherapeutic market, among which the following may be mentioned:preference of consumers for natural therapies;concern regarding undesirable side effects of modern medicines and the belief that herbal drugs are free from side effects, since millions of people all over the world have been using herbal medicines for thousands of years;great interest in alternative medicines;preference of populations for preventive medicine due to increasing population age;the belief that herbal medicines might be of effective benefit in the treatment of certain diseases where conventional thera