پاورپوینت کامل Invertebrate Zoology 40 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل Invertebrate Zoology 40 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Class OligochaetaName means “few chaetae”۳۵۰۰ spp.Earthworms are most familiar, but also small FW and marine varieties200 marine spp., mostly interstitialGiant Australian earthworm (Megascolides australis)Up to 3 m long

اسلاید ۵: Body FormOnly exceptions to generalized annelid are listedFour bundles of chaetae per segment Two ventralTwo lateralChaetae are structurally simpleGenital chaetae are more complexOne to 25 chaetae per bundleTwo per bundle in most earthwormsProtractor and retractor muscles attached to each chaetaSmall in terrestrial varieties and longer in aquatics

اسلاید ۶: CoelomEarthworms posses coelomoporesConnect coelomic cavities with exteriorPosses a sphincterPores are located in intersegmental furrowsExude coelomic fluid dorsallyKeeps animal moistDeters predators“Squirter worm” (Didymogaster) can squirt fluid 30 cm high

اسلاید ۷: LocomotionCrawl or burrow using peristalsisMucus and egested soil coat burrow wallsLumbricus terrestris covers burrow openingLarger worms can burrow deeperChaetae are extended or retracted as needed to apply optimal tractionAnimal moves forward in steps2 – ۳ cm per stepApproximately 30 cm per minute in someCan even crawl backwards

اسلاید ۸: NutritionScavengers of dead organic matter (such as leaves) and / or deposit feedersSwallow soilTakes 1 – ۲.۵ hr to processCastings are excretedGreat for soil (aerates, mixes, and transfers nutrients)Aquatic varieties may be carnivores of amebas, ciliates, rotifers, etc.Some may parasitize FW snails

اسلاید ۹: Nervous SystemOne large ventral nerve cord instead of two lateral cordsFive giant axonsStimulation of either end of worm elicits an escape response (wriggling, or withdrawal into burrow)Subpharyngeal ganglion is motor control centerMost lack eyes but have simple ocelliSome have rings of chemoreceptors (called tubercles) that project from cuticle

اسلاید ۱۰: Digestive SystemPharyngeal bulbEversible in aquatic spp.Muscular pump in terrestrial spp.Esophageal glands secrete mucus and enzymesCompartmentalized esophagusCrop for food storageGizzard for grindingLined with chitin-like cuticle

اسلاید ۱۱: Calciferous GlandsLocated in wall of esophagusProduce calcite crystals that are secreted into esophageal lumen and pass in fecesTwo functional hypothesis1) Removal of excess CO2Soil CO2 is high (relative to atmospheric levels), due to bacterial respirationTherefore there is a negative concentration gradient for diffusion of worm’s CO2CO2 combines with calcium ions to form calcite 2) Removal of excess calcium

اسلاید ۱۲: Digestive System Cont…Intestine makes up posterior 3/4 of digestive systemAnterior half secretes digestive enzymesCellulase and chitinase (breaks down fungal cell walls) are released by mutualistic bacteriaPosterior half is absorptiveTyphlosole is a large dorsal fold in the intestine that increases its surface areaChlorogogen cells surround intestineWaste – laden cells are released into coelomExit body via nephridiopores or coelomopores

اسلاید ۱۳: Circulation and Gas ExchangeOften have hearts (described earlier)Five pairs in Lumbricus (segments 7-11)Gas exchange is carried out across body wallLarge species have capillary loops in epidermis and hemoglobin dissolved in plasmaMoist surface facilitates diffusionOxygen levels in soil drop after heavy rains, forcing earthworms to the surface

اسلاید ۱۴: ExcretionUreotelic but excrete some ammoniaDepends on environmental conditionsOsmoregulationUrine is