پاورپوینت کامل The History of Medicine 176 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل The History of Medicine 176 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: William Osler said of Medicine and ArtMedicine is a science of uncertainty and an art of probability. SirWilliam Osler

اسلاید ۵: In the Beginning…In September 1940, four teenagers around the northern slopes of France’s Pyrenees mountains stumbled upon one of the most famous and astounding repositories of Paleolithic art in the world: the cave of Lascaux

اسلاید ۶:

اسلاید ۷: Cave of LascauxHundreds of paintings and etchings of red cows, yellow horses, bulls and black stags fan out across the cave’s walls and ceilings in a literal stampede.It is the world’s oldest example of medicine in art, dating back 15,000 years.

اسلاید ۸: Cave of LascauxThe lone human figure among all the animals is the man with a head of a bird, who appears to be in some kind of trance during a confrontation with a bull. Beside him is a staff.It is widely believed that the human figure is some sort of shaman. Shaman were in charge of the knowledge of health, and of life & death.

اسلاید ۹:

اسلاید ۱۰:

اسلاید ۱۱: TrepanningPrimitive man believed that head pain was the work of evil spirits who invaded the body of unfortunate individuals.If headache was caused by the invasion of evil spirits, then letting the spirits out of the skull should bring relief.Thus was born the surgical procedure known as trepanning which dates back ten thousand years or more.Such procedures were found in the South Pacific, Europe, North America and South America.

اسلاید ۱۲: Themes in MedicineSuperstition, Evil Spirits, HumoursBlind Loyalty and Downright StupidityThe Emergence of IconoclastsIngenuityCommon SenseSerendipityKindling PhenomenonThe Art and Science of MedicineHard Work and DedicationTechologyImagination

اسلاید ۱۳:

اسلاید ۱۴: Imhotep- “the One Who Walked in Peace”Vizier of a Pharaoh, lived about 2900 BC;He is credited with many accomplishments in many fields and one of his activities seems to have been that of a successful physician.He is one of the first medical men whose name is on record and rose from the role of medical hero to become God of Medicine.He began using simple surgery instead of just magic.

اسلاید ۱۵:

اسلاید ۱۶: Sir William Osler tells us that Imhotep was the:..first figure of a physician to stand out clearly from the mists of antiquity. Imhotep diagnosed and treated over 200 diseases, 15 diseases of the abdomen, 11 of the bladder, 10 of the rectum, 29 of the eyes, and 18 of the skin, hair, nails and tongue. Imhotep treated tuberculosis, gallstones, appendicitis, gout and arthritis. He also performed surgery and practiced some dentistry. Imhotep extracted medicine from plants. He also knew the position and function of the vital organs and circulation of the blood system. The Encyclopedia Britannica says, The evidence afforded by Egyptian and Greek texts support the view that Imhoteps reputation was very respected in early times. His prestige increased with the lapse of centuries and his temples in Greek times were the centers of medical teachings.

اسلاید ۱۷: The Healing Art and DiseasePhysicians based their healing art upon the belief that evil spirits, hateful demons, and vengeful gods struck people with diseases. Invisible arrows shot by the Greek god Apollo caused pain.One treatment for disease was for the victim to travel to one of the many pagan temples in Greece.

اسلاید ۱۸: The Healing Art and DiseaseThe sick person made a sacrifice and then spent the night in the temple. As he slept, he was supposed to dream away the sickness.

اسلاید ۱۹: The Two Great Names in the History of Greek MedicineHippocrates-dominated the beginning of a period of remarkable scientific creativity, which lasted more than 700 yearsGalen—near the end of the period, both furthered scientific knowledge and crystallized it in an amazing volume of written works. His influence lasted for 1500 years/45 generations.

اسلاید ۲۰:

اسلاید ۲۱: Hippocrates(460B.C.-377B.C.Hippocrates is know as the “Father of Medicine.” He is considered one of the greatest physicians the world has ever known. He was the first to attempt to separate the practice of medicine from religion and superstition.Hippocrates developed his pledge of proper conduct for doctors. “I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but never with the view to injury and wrong doing…Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter to help the sick.”

اسلاید ۲۲:

اسلاید ۲۳: “On Airs, Waters, and Places” around 400B.C.Hippocrates penned a tract called “On Airs, Waters, and Places.”This was the earliest reference to epidemiologic thinking.He emphasized familiarity not only with the patient’s symptoms, but also with the season of the year and the patient’s living conditions, diet fluid intake, and exercise habits:

اسلاید ۲۴: “On Airs, Waters and Places”“For if one knows all these things well, or at least the greater part of them, he cannot miss knowing, when he comes into a strange city, either the diseases peculiar to the place, or the particular nature of common diseases, so that he will not be in doubt as to the treatment of the diseases, or commit mistakes, as is likely to be the case provided one had not previously considered these matters. And in particular, as the season and the year advances, he can tell what epidemic diseases will attack the city, either in summer or in winter, and what each individual will be in danger of experiencing from the change of regimen.

اسلاید ۲۵: Hippocrates Refusing Gift from Alexander by Anne-Louis Girodet(1816)

اسلاید ۲۶: The Hippocratic OathHippocrates also made changes in how physicians looked upon their profession.During his time, a doctor was sometimes bribed to see that a patient died, or asked to prepare poison to kill an enemy. If a ruler wanted to rid himself of a rival, he could hire a court physician who would see that the rival became sick and died.Hippocrates taught against such improper conduct. He told his students to treat everyone the same.“Sometimes give your services for nothing…for where there is love of man, there is also love of medicine.”

اسلاید ۲۷: The Hippocratic OathA statement describing proper conduct.It was a pledge and is a guideline for honorable standards of action.“I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but never with the view to knjury and wrong doing…Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter to help the sick.”

اسلاید ۲۸:

اسلاید ۲۹: Allegories of the Healing ArtsAn allegory, or a pictorial symbol, serves to formulate into some tangible aspect an idea or point of view that may exist vaguely in the minds of many.The allegories of the Healing Arts—visual images around which are centered the faith and hope of mankind.

اسلاید ۳۰:

اسلاید ۳۱:

اسلاید ۳۲: Head of Asklepios(Greek Coin, II Century B.C.)The earliest icon of medical significanceHead of Asklepios was pictured on a silver drachma, a Greek coin minted on the island of CosHe was the son of ApolloThe centers of his cult were temples where the sick went, similar to our modern day sanatoriums, with emphasis on diet, massage, baths and the like.

اسلاید ۳۳: Head of Asklepios(Greek Coin, II Century B.C.)The god was supposed to reveal to the patient in a dream the cure for his/her disease.The serpent, symbolic of regenerative power, was sacred to Asklepios and to Apollo.The emblem, in the form of a rod with a coiled serpent, is still used to represent the art of medicine

اسلاید ۳۴: Note the Hippocratic Oath“I swear by Apollo the physician and Asklepios and his daughters, Hygeia and Panacea, and all the Gods and Goddesses…”Hippocrates was also born on the Island of Cos

اسلاید ۳۵:

اسلاید ۳۶: Galen Described Wounds as “Windows to the Body”Galen, the great 2nd century physician and anatomist, spent his early medical career as a surgeon to the gladiators.He employed as many as 20 scribes to write down all that he said in the work.He dissected countless animals in his prolific medical research.Galen also studied philosophy and wrote that a motive of profit was incompatible with a serious devotion to medicine, stating that doctors must learn to despise money.He was a proponent of the miasma theory of infection, which essentially blamed infection on clouds of poisonous gases.

اسلاید ۳۷: Galen(Galenos) meaning calm or serene— “The Infallible Master”The profession of medicine gained a wealth of facts and ideas from Galen.He gave to the world a synthesis of medical thought and knowledge solid enough to last nearly 1500 years. His mind was quick and well organized.He was well informed on many subjects.In the earlier period of his life, he continually insisted on experiments and on demonstrable proofs.But the open-minded young Galen later became one of the great dogmatists of all times. The magnitude of his dogmatism was increased by his followers and commentators.

اسلاید ۳۸: GalenGalen believed that disease resulted from an imbalance of the vital fluids, or humors, of the body. This idea was developed by Hippocrates, and consolidated by Galen.“The body has in itself blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile…We enjoy the most perfect health when these elements are in the right proportion.”The medicine and pathology Galen practiced, and about which he wrote, were based mainly on speculative Hippocratic theories of the 4 humors, on critical days, and on fallacious theories regarding pulse and urine.

اسلاید ۳۹:

اسلاید ۴۰: The Four HumoursDeveloped out of the humoral theory of Empedocles(500 to 430B.C.), the Scilian philosopher.Developed by Hippocrates and consolidated by Galen.From the 4 elements: earth, air, fire and water derived the idea of the 4 humours(or fluids) of black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm with their associated meancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic temperments.It was believed that the balance of these humours in the body determined physical states of health.

اسلاید ۴۱:

اسلاید ۴۲: GalenGalen made the first attempts to master anatomy. He studied the anatomy of animals and applied it to humans. Medical schools used Galen’s books as textbooks for more than a thousand years. He became the undisputed authority. NO ONE DARED TO EVER DIFFER WITH HIM!From physicians to emperors as well as commoners in the Roman Empire, Galen was considered a shrewd observer who gained much experience through experimentation.

اسلاید ۴۳:

اسلاید ۴۴: The PictureGalen, whose teachings were accepted as dogma by medical men for 1500 years, is pictured in a 2nd century Roman home applying cupping, a form of treatment that he advocated. Galen was a pillar of medicine and the last important pillar in the millennium of Greek domination of the medical world.

اسلاید ۴۵:

اسلاید ۴۶: St. Cosmas and St. DamianTraditionally acclaimed the patron saints of the physician and apothecaryThese 2 brothers were Syrian Christians who were reputed to have effected many miraculous cures before their matyrdom in the reign of Emperor Diocletian(A.D.303)Seen frequently in paintings, miniatures, or prints

اسلاید ۴۷: Rome Falls in 476A.D.The Dark Ages of Medicine begin.

اسلاید ۴۸: Medicine in the Dark Ages (roughly 500-1050 AD)Massive decline in the number, and quality, of medical writings available.2 important features stand out during this decline:A) Preeminence of ‘do-it-yourself’ handbooks, primarily of dietetic medicine.B) The ecclesiastical takeover of medical learning and learning in general. For few could read outside the ecclesiastical community.

اسلاید ۴۹: Medicine in the Dark Ages (roughly 500-1050 AD)The relatively learned medicine was supplemented by the healing offered at shrines and by holy men.Tales abound of miraculous cures via shrines and icons.Some saints were almost specialists:

اسلاید ۵۰:

اسلاید ۵۱:

اسلاید ۵۲: Some Saints as Medical SpecialistsSt. Dymphna was favored for mental diseasesSt. Roch for plagueSt. Hubert for rabies sufferer