پاورپوینت کامل مسایل اخلاقی در استفاده از حیوانات آزمایشگاهی در تحقیقات ۷۵ اسلاید در PowerPoint

توجه : این فایل به صورت فایل power point (پاور پوینت) ارائه میگردد

 پاورپوینت کامل مسایل اخلاقی در استفاده از حیوانات آزمایشگاهی در تحقیقات ۷۵ اسلاید در PowerPoint دارای ۷۵ اسلاید می باشد و دارای تنظیمات کامل در PowerPoint می باشد و آماده ارائه یا چاپ است

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توجه : در صورت  مشاهده  بهم ریختگی احتمالی در متون زیر ،دلیل ان کپی کردن این مطالب از داخل فایل می باشد و در فایل اصلی پاورپوینت کامل مسایل اخلاقی در استفاده از حیوانات آزمایشگاهی در تحقیقات ۷۵ اسلاید در PowerPoint،به هیچ وجه بهم ریختگی وجود ندارد

بخشی از مطالب داخلی اسلاید ها

پاورپوینت کامل مسایل اخلاقی در استفاده از حیوانات آزمایشگاهی در تحقیقات ۷۵ اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴:

اسلاید ۵: Mankind has been using animals already for a long time for food, for transport and as companion. The use of animals in experimental research parallels the development of medicine, which had its roots in ancient Greece (Aristotle,Hippocrate).

اسلاید ۶: It had its roots in ancient Greece where Aristotle and Hippocrate laid down their knowledge on structure and function of the human body in their respective Historia Animalium and Corpus Hippocraticum, mainly based on dissections in animals.

اسلاید ۷: Galen (130–۲۰۱ AD), physician of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, performed physiological experiments on pigs, monkeys and dogs, which provided a basis for medical practices also in the centuries thereafter.

اسلاید ۸: After Galen, experimental science stopped till the beginning of the Renaissance when Vesalius took up the empirical approach, starting with anatomical studies. Later on, physiological studies were also performed.

اسلاید ۹: With the Cartesian philosophy in the 17th century, experiments on animals could be performed without great moral problems. The French philosopher Rene ´ Descartes (1596–۱۶۵۰) stated that living systems could be understood on pure mechanical principles.

اسلاید ۱۰: The discovery of anaesthetics and Darwin’s publication on the Origin of Species in 1859, defending the biological similarities between man and animal, contributed to the increase of animal experimentation.

اسلاید ۱۱: Claude Bernard published his book ‘Introduction a ` l’e ´ tude de la me ´ decine expe ´ rimentale’ in 1865, introducing methodology as a tool for the design of physiological experiments.

اسلاید ۱۲: The development of microbiology caused an increase in the use of animals, due to Koch’s ‘Postulates’ where it is stated that pathogenicity of a microorganism can be proven after successfully infecting healthy, susceptible animals.

اسلاید ۱۳: The development of biomedical disciplines as pharmacology, toxicology and immunology caused a sharp increase in the use of animals in the 20th century.

اسلاید ۱۴: From the early 1980s, a decrease started probably due to public awareness and strict legislation on animal use, the development of animal ethics committees and an improved quality of the animals.

اسلاید ۱۵:

اسلاید ۱۶: However, in last decades,use of animals started to increase again, mainly due to the development of genetically modied animals, which has caused an increase in numbers of mice used of more than 23% per year, not only due to growth in the numbers of these animals in research but also to the large number of mice necessary to create each genetically modied line, such as breeding males, donor females, vasectomized males and pseudo- pregnant recipient females. Furthermore, nontransgenic and wild-type littermates may be produced that are not suitable for research or further breeding.

اسلاید ۱۷: Today, 75–۱۰۰ million vertebrates per year are used in research and testing for a wide range of purposes. The major areas are drug research, testing of vaccines and other biological and cancer research, whereas about 30% of the animals are used for other purposes such as fundamental research, diagnostics, etc. Mice and rats are the most frequently used animal species.

اسلاید ۱۸:

اسلاید ۱۹:

اسلاید ۲۰:

اسلاید ۲۱: In many European countries, it is mandatory by national law to grade the level of discomfort for animals in experiments in minor, moderate and severe. On average, 50% of the laboratory animals experience minor discomfort (eg single blood sampling), 30% moderate (eg recovery from anaesthesia) and 20% severe (eg toxicity tests).

اسلاید ۲۲: The increasing demand for high standard animal models together with a critical view on the use of animals led to the development of Laboratory Animal Science in the 1950s, a field that can be defined as a multidisciplinary branch of science, contributing to the quality of animal experiments and to the welfare of laboratory animals.

اسلاید ۲۳: Laboratory Animal Science includes the biology of laboratory animals and their environmental requirements, genetic and microbiological standardization, prevention and treatment of diseases, improvement of experimental techniques, anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia, alternatives to animal experiments and ethics.

اسلاید ۲۴: Guiding principles are the three R’s of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement, launched by Russell and Burch in 1959 in their book ‘The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique’.۳ Replacement means the substitution of living animals by in vitro techniques (eg cells, tissues), computerized models, etc.

اسلاید ۲۵: Reduction means decrease of the number of animals used by standardization of the animal in terms of genotype and microbiological quality, of the experimental procedures and of the environment in terms of standardized food and climate in the animal room.

اسلاید ۲۶: Furthermore, the number of animals per experimental group can be more accurately estimated by using statistics prior to the experiment, for example, power analysis.

اسلاید ۲۷: Refinement means decrease in discomfort by translating the behavioural and physiological needs of the animal into adequate housing and husbandry, by providing adequate anaesthesia, analgesia and care, by guaranteeing skills of the researcher/animal staff, which can be achieved by education and training, by improving experimental procedures and by determining a human end point, where the animal can be euthanized to prevent unnecessary suffering.

اسلاید ۲۸: Furthermore, the necessity of certain animal experiments might be argued, such as in cosmetic testing, LD 50 tests, tests for military defence purposes, teaching, etc.
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