پاورپوینت کامل (consumer behavior (chapter 3 154 اسلاید در PowerPoint

توجه : این فایل به صورت فایل power point (پاور پوینت) ارائه میگردد

 پاورپوینت کامل (consumer behavior (chapter 3 154 اسلاید در PowerPoint دارای ۱۵۴ اسلاید می باشد و دارای تنظیمات کامل در PowerPoint می باشد و آماده ارائه یا چاپ است

شما با استفاده ازاین پاورپوینت میتوانید یک ارائه بسیارعالی و با شکوهی داشته باشید و همه حاضرین با اشتیاق به مطالب شما گوش خواهند داد.

لطفا نگران مطالب داخل پاورپوینت نباشید، مطالب داخل اسلاید ها بسیار ساده و قابل درک برای شما می باشد، ما عالی بودن این فایل رو تضمین می کنیم.

توجه : در صورت  مشاهده  بهم ریختگی احتمالی در متون زیر ،دلیل ان کپی کردن این مطالب از داخل فایل می باشد و در فایل اصلی پاورپوینت کامل (consumer behavior (chapter 3 154 اسلاید در PowerPoint،به هیچ وجه بهم ریختگی وجود ندارد

بخشی از مطالب داخلی اسلاید ها

پاورپوینت کامل (consumer behavior (chapter 3 154 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 4Consumer BehaviorTwo applications that illustrate the importance of the economic theory of consumer behavior are:Apple-Cinnamon CheeriosThe Food Stamp Program.

اسلاید ۵: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 5Consumer BehaviorGeneral Mills had to determine how high a price to charge for Apple-Cinnamon Cheerios before it went to the market.

اسلاید ۶: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 6Consumer BehaviorWhen the food stamp program was established in the early 1960s, the designers had to determine to what extent the food stamps would provide people with more food and not just simply subsidize the food they would have bought anyway.

اسلاید ۷: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 7Consumer BehaviorThese two problems require an understanding of the economic theory of consumer behavior.

اسلاید ۸: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 8Consumer BehaviorThere are three steps involved in the study of consumer behavior.1) We will study consumer preferences.To describe how and why people prefer one good to another.

اسلاید ۹: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 9Consumer BehaviorThere are three steps involved in the study of consumer behavior.2)Then we will turn to budget constraints.People have limited incomes.

اسلاید ۱۰: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 10Consumer BehaviorThere are three steps involved in the study of consumer behavior.3) Finally, we will combine consumer preferences and budget constraints to determine consumer choices.What combination of goods will consumers buy to maximize their satisfaction

اسلاید ۱۱: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 11Consumer PreferencesA market basket is a collection of one or more commodities.One market basket may be preferred over another market basket containing a different combination of goods.Market Baskets

اسلاید ۱۲: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 12Consumer PreferencesThree Basic Assumptions 1) Preferences are complete.2) Preferences are transitive.3) Consumers always prefer more of any good to less.Market Baskets

اسلاید ۱۳: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 13Consumer PreferencesA2030B1050D4020E3040G1020H1040Market BasketUnits of Food Units of Clothing

اسلاید ۱۴: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 14Consumer PreferencesIndifference curves represent all combinations of market baskets that provide the same level of satisfaction to a person.Indifference Curves

اسلاید ۱۵: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 15The consumer prefersA to all combinationsin the blue box, whileall those in the pinkbox are preferred to A.Consumer PreferencesFood(units per week)1020304010203040Clothing(units per week)50GAEHBD

اسلاید ۱۶: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 16U1Combination B,A, & Dyield the same satisfactionE is preferred to U1U1 is preferred to H & GConsumer PreferencesFood(units per week)1020304010203040Clothing(units per week)50GDAEHB

اسلاید ۱۷: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 17Consumer PreferencesIndifference CurvesIndifference curves slope downward to the right.If it sloped upward it would violate the assumption that more of any commodity is preferred to less.

اسلاید ۱۸: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 18Consumer PreferencesIndifference CurvesAny market basket lying above and to the right of an indifference curve is preferred to any market basket that lies on the indifference curve.

اسلاید ۱۹: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 19Consumer PreferencesAn indifference map is a set of indifference curves that describes a person’s preferences for all combinations of two commodities.Each indifference curve in the map shows the market baskets among which the person is indifferent.Indifference Maps

اسلاید ۲۰: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 20Consumer PreferencesIndifference CurvesFinally, indifference curves cannot cross.This would violate the assumption that more is preferred to less.

اسلاید ۲۱: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 21U2U3Consumer PreferencesFood(units per week)Clothing(units per week)U1ABDMarket basket Ais preferred to B.Market basket B ispreferred to D.

اسلاید ۲۲: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 22U1U2Consumer PreferencesFood(units per week)Clothing(units per week)ADBThe consumer shouldbe indifferent betweenA, B and D. However,B contains more ofboth goods than D.Indifference CurvesCannot Cross

اسلاید ۲۳: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 23ABDEG-1-611-4-211Observation: The amountof clothing given up for a unit of food decreasesfrom 6 to 1Consumer PreferencesFood(units per week)Clothing(units per week)23451246810121416Question: Does thisrelation hold for givingup food to get clothing

اسلاید ۲۴: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 24Consumer PreferencesThe marginal rate of substitution (MRS) quantifies the amount of one good a consumer will give up to obtain more of another good.It is measured by the slope of the indifference curve.Marginal Rate of Substitution

اسلاید ۲۵: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 25Consumer PreferencesFood(units per week)Clothing(units per week)23451246810121416ABDEG-61111-4-2-1MRS = 6MRS = 2

اسلاید ۲۶: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 26Consumer PreferencesWe will now add a fourth assumption regarding consumer preference:Along an indifference curve there is a diminishing marginal rate of substitution.Note the MRS for AB was 6, while that for DE was 2.Marginal Rate of Substitution

اسلاید ۲۷: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 27Consumer PreferencesQuestionWhat are the first three assumptionsMarginal Rate of Substitution

اسلاید ۲۸: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 28Consumer PreferencesIndifference curves are convex because as more of one good is consumed, a consumer would prefer to give up fewer units of a second good to get additional units of the first one.Consumers prefer a balanced market basketMarginal Rate of Substitution

اسلاید ۲۹: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 29Consumer PreferencesPerfect Substitutes and Perfect ComplementsTwo goods are perfect substitutes when the marginal rate of substitution of one good for the other is constant.Marginal Rate of Substitution

اسلاید ۳۰: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 30Consumer PreferencesPerfect Substitutes and Perfect ComplementsTwo goods are perfect complements when the indifference curves for the goods are shaped as right angles.Marginal Rate of Substitution

اسلاید ۳۱: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 31Consumer PreferencesOrange Juice(glasses)Apple Juice(glasses)234112340PerfectSubstitutes

اسلاید ۳۲: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 32Consumer PreferencesRight ShoesLeftShoes234112340PerfectComplements

اسلاید ۳۳: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 33Consumer PreferencesBADSThings for which less is preferred to moreExamplesAir pollutionAsbestos

اسلاید ۳۴: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 34Consumer PreferencesWhat Do You ThinkHow can we account for Bads in the analysis of consumer preferences

اسلاید ۳۵: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 35Consumer PreferencesAutomobile executives must regularly decide when to introduce new models and how much money to invest in restyling.Designing New Automobiles (I)

اسلاید ۳۶: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 36Consumer PreferencesAn analysis of consumer preferences would help to determine when and if car companies should change the styling of their cars.Designing New Automobiles (I)

اسلاید ۳۷: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 37Consumer PreferencesThese consumers arewilling to give up considerablestyling for additionalperformanceStylingPerformanceConsumerPreference A:High MRS

اسلاید ۳۸: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 38Consumer PreferencesThese consumers arewilling to give upconsiderableperformance for additional stylingStylingPerformanceConsumerPreference B:Low MRS

اسلاید ۳۹: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 39Consumer PreferencesWhat Do You ThinkHow can we determine the consumers preferenceDesigning New Automobiles (I)

اسلاید ۴۰: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 40Consumer PreferencesA recent study of automobile demand in the United States shows that over the past two decades most consumers have preferred styling over performance.Designing New Automobiles (I)

اسلاید ۴۱: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 41Consumer PreferencesGrowth of Japanese Imports1970’s and 1980’s15% of domestic cars underwent a style change each yearThis compares to 23% for importsDesigning New Automobiles (I)

اسلاید ۴۲: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 42Consumer PreferencesUtilityUtility: Numerical score representing the satisfaction that a consumer gets from a given market basket.

اسلاید ۴۳: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 43Consumer PreferencesUtilityIf buying 3 copies of Microeconomics makes you happier than buying one shirt, then we say that the books give you more utility than the shirt.

اسلاید ۴۴: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 44Consumer PreferencesUtility FunctionsAssume:The utility function for food (F) and clothing (C) U(F,C) = F + 2C Market Baskets: F units C units U(F,C) = F + 2C A 8 3 8 + 2(3) = 14 B 6 4 6 + 2(4) = 14 C 4 4 4 + 2(4) = 12 The consumer is indifferent to A & B The consumer prefers A & B to C

اسلاید ۴۵: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 45Consumer PreferencesFood(units per week)10155510150Clothing(unitsper week)U1 = 25U2 = 50 (Preferred to U1)U3 = 100 (Preferred to U2)ABCAssume: U = FCMarket Basket U = FCC 25 = 2.5(10)A 25 = 5(5)B 25 = 10(2.5)Utility Functions & Indifference Curves

اسلاید ۴۶: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 46Consumer PreferencesOrdinal Versus Cardinal UtilityOrdinal Utility Function: places market baskets in the order of most preferred to least preferred, but it does not indicate how much one market basket is preferred to another.Cardinal Utility Function: utility function describing the extent to which one market basket is preferred to another.

اسلاید ۴۷: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 47Consumer PreferencesOrdinal Versus Cardinal RankingsThe actual unit of measurement for utility is not important.Therefore, an ordinal ranking is sufficient to explain how most individual decisions are made.

اسلاید ۴۸: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 48Budget ConstraintsPreferences do not explain all of consumer behavior.Budget constraints also limit an individual’s ability to consume in light of the prices they must pay for various goods and services.

اسلاید ۴۹: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 49Budget ConstraintsThe Budget LineThe budget line indicates all combinations of two commodities for which total money spent equals total income.

اسلاید ۵۰: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 50Budget ConstraintsThe Budget LineLet F equal the amount of food purchased, and C is the amount of clothing.Price of food = Pf and price of clothing = PcThen Pf F is the amount of money spent on food, and Pc C is the amount of money spent on clothing.

اسلاید ۵۱: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 51Budget ConstraintsThe budget line then can be written:

اسلاید ۵۲: Chapter 3: Consumer BehaviorSlide 52Budget ConstraintsA040$80B2030$80D4020$80E6010$80G800$80Market BasketFood (F) Clothing (C)Total SpendingPf = ($1)Pc = ($2)PfF + PcC = I

اسلاید ۵۳: Chapter 3: C