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پاورپوینت کامل The Analysis of Competitive Markets 96 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Chapter 9Slide 4Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies–Consumer and Producer SurplusReviewConsumer surplus is the total benefit or value that consumers receive beyond what they pay for the good.Producer surplus is the total benefit or revenue that producers receive beyond what it cost to produce a good.

اسلاید ۵: ProducerSurplusBetween 0 and Q0 producers receive a net gain from selling each product–producer surplus.ConsumerSurplusConsumer and Producer SurplusQuantity0PriceSD5Q0Consumer C107Consumer BConsumer ABetween 0 and Q0 consumers A and Breceive a net gain from buying the product–consumer surplus

اسلاید ۶: Chapter 9Slide 6To determine the welfare effect of a governmental policy we can measure the gain or loss in consumer and producer surplus.Welfare EffectsGains and losses caused by government intervention in the market.Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies–Consumer and Producer Surplus

اسلاید ۷: Chapter 9Slide 7The loss to producers isthe sum of rectangleA and triangle C. TriangleB and C together measurethe deadweight loss.BACThe gain to consumers isthe difference betweenthe rectangle A and thetriangle B.Deadweight LossChange in Consumer and Producer Surplus from Price ControlsQuantityPriceSDP0Q0PmaxQ1Q2Suppose the governmentimposes a price ceiling Pmaxwhich is below the market-clearing price P0.

اسلاید ۸: Chapter 9Slide 8Observations:The total loss is equal to area B + C.The total change in surplus = (A – B) + (-A – C) = -B – CThe deadweight loss is the inefficiency of the price controls or the loss of the producer surplus exceeds the gain from consumer surplus.Change in Consumer and Producer Surplus from Price Controls

اسلاید ۹: Chapter 9Slide 9ObservationConsumers can experience a net loss in consumer surplus when the demand is sufficiently inelasticChange in Consumer and Producer Surplus from Price Controls

اسلاید ۱۰: Chapter 9Slide 10BAPmaxCQ1If demand is sufficientlyinelastic, triangle B can be larger than rectangleA and the consumer suffers a net loss fromprice controls.ExampleOil price controlsand gasoline shortagesin 1979SDEffect of Price Controls When Demand Is InelasticQuantityPriceP0Q2

اسلاید ۱۱: Chapter 9Slide 11Price Controls and Natural Gas Shortages1975 Price controls created a shortage of natural gas.What was the deadweight loss

اسلاید ۱۲: Chapter 9Slide 12Supply: QS = 14 + 2PG + 0.25POQuantity supplied in trillion cubic feet (Tcf)Demand: QD = -5PG + 3.75POQuantity demanded (Tcf)PG = price of natural gas in $/mcf and PO = price of oil in $/b.Price Controls and Natural Gas ShortagesData for 1975

اسلاید ۱۳: Chapter 9Slide 13PO = $8/bEquilibrium PG = $2/mcf and Q = 20 TcfPrice ceiling set at $1This information can be seen graphically:Price Controls and Natural Gas ShortagesData for 1975

اسلاید ۱۴: Chapter 9Slide 14BA2.40CThe gain to consumers is rectangle A minus triangleB, and the loss to producers is rectangleA plus triangle C.SD2.00Quantity (Tcf)0Price($/mcf)5101520253018(Pmax)1.00Price Controls and Natural Gas Shortages

اسلاید ۱۵: Chapter 9Slide 15Measuring the Impact of Price Controls1 Tcf = 1 billion mcfIf QD = 18, then P = $2.40 [18 = -5PG + 3.75(8)]A = (18 billion mcf) x ($1/mcf) = $18 billionB = (1/2) x (2 b. mcf) x ($0.40/mcf) = $0.4 billionC = (1/2) x (2 b. mcf) x ($1/mcf) = $1 billionPrice Controls and Natural Gas Shortages

اسلاید ۱۶: Chapter 9Slide 16Measuring the Impact of Price Controls1975Change in consumer surplus = A – B = 18 – 0.04 = $17.6 billionChange in producer surplus= -A – C = -18-1 = -$19.0 billionPrice Controls and Natural Gas Shortages

اسلاید ۱۷: Chapter 9Slide 17Measuring the Impact of Price Controls1975 dollars, deadweight loss= -B – C = -0.4 – 1 = -$1.4 billionIn 2000 dollars, the deadweight loss is more than $4 billion per year.Price Controls and Natural Gas Shortages

اسلاید ۱۸: Chapter 9Slide 18The Efficiency of a Competitive MarketWhen do competitive markets generate an inefficient allocation of resources or market failure1) ExternalitiesCosts or benefits that do not show up as part of the market price (e.g. pollution)

اسلاید ۱۹: Chapter 9Slide 19The Efficiency of a Competitive MarketWhen do competitive markets generate an inefficient allocation of resources or market failure2)Lack of InformationImperfect information prevents consumers from making utility-maximizing decisions.

اسلاید ۲۰: Chapter 9Slide 20Government intervention in these markets can increase efficiency.Government intervention without a market failure creates inefficiency or deadweight loss.The Efficiency of a Competitive Market

اسلاید ۲۱: Chapter 9Slide 21P1Q1ABCWhen price is regulated to be no higher than P1, the deadweight loss given by triangles B and C results.Welfare Loss When Price Is Held Below Market-Clearing LevelQuantityPriceSDP0Q0

اسلاید ۲۲: Chapter 9Slide 22P2Q3ABCQ2What would the deadweightloss be if QS = Q2When price is regulated to be no lower than P2 only Q3will be demanded. Thedeadweight loss is givenby triangles B and CWelfare Loss When Price Is Held Above Market-Clearing LevelQuantityPriceSDP0Q0

اسلاید ۲۳: Chapter 9Slide 23The Market for Human KidneysThe 1984 National Organ Transplantation Act prohibits the sale of organs for transplantation.Analyzing the Impact of the ActSupply: QS = 8,000 + 0.2PIf P = $20,000, Q = 12,000Demand: QD = 16,000 – 0.2P

اسلاید ۲۴: Chapter 9Slide 24DRectangles A and D measure the total value of kidneys when supply is constrained.ACThe loss to suppliersis given by rectangle Aand triangle C.The Market for Kidneys, and Effects of the 1984 Organ Transplantation ActQuantityPrice8,0004,0000$10,000$30,000$40,000S’The 1984 act effectivelymakes the price zero.BIf consumers receivedkidneys at no cost, theirgain would be given byrectangle A less triangle B.SD12,000$20,000

اسلاید ۲۵: Chapter 9Slide 25The act limits the quantity supplied (donations) to 8,000.Loss to supplier surplus:A + C = (8,000)($20,000) + (1/2)(4,000)($20,000) = $200/m.The Market for Human Kidneys

اسلاید ۲۶: Chapter 9Slide 26Gain to recipients:A – B =(8,000)($20,000) – (1/2)(4,000)($20,000) = $120/m.Deadweight loss:B + C or$200 million – $120 million = $80 millionThe Market for Human Kidneys

اسلاید ۲۷: Chapter 9Slide 27Other Inefficiency Cost1)Allocation is not necessarily to those who value the kidney’s the most.2)Price may increase to $40,000, the equilibrium price, with hospitals getting the price.The Market for Human Kidneys

اسلاید ۲۸: Chapter 9Slide 28Arguments in favor of prohibiting