پاورپوینت کامل (General Equilibrium and Economic Efficiency (Chapter 16 106 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل (General Equilibrium and Economic Efficiency (Chapter 16 106 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Chapter 16Slide 4General Equilibrium AnalysisPartial equilibrium analysis presumes that activity in one market is independent of other markets.

اسلاید ۵: Chapter 16Slide 5General Equilibrium AnalysisGeneral equilibrium analysis determines the prices and quantity in all markets simultaneously and takes the feedback effect into account.

اسلاید ۶: Chapter 16Slide 6General Equilibrium AnalysisA feedback effect is a price or quantity adjustment in one market caused by price and quantity adjustments in related markets.

اسلاید ۷: Chapter 16Slide 7General Equilibrium AnalysisTwo Interdependent Markets–Moving to General EquilibriumScenarioThe competitive markets of:Videocassette rentalsMovie theater tickets

اسلاید ۸: DVDMTwo Interdependent Markets: Movie Tickets and Videocassette RentalsPriceNumberof VideosPriceNumber ofMovie TicketsSMSV$6.00QMQV$3.00$6.35Q’MS*MAssume the governmentimposes a $1 tax on each movie ticket.Q’VD’V$3.50General Equilibrium Analysis:Increase in movie ticket pricesincreases demand for videos.

اسلاید ۹: DVDMTwo Interdependent Markets: Movie Tickets and Videocassette RentalsPriceNumberof VideosPriceNumber ofMovie TicketsSMSV$6.00QMQV$3.00The Feedback effects continue.$3.58Q*VD*V$6.35Q’MD*M$6.82Q*MS*MQ’VD’V$3.50D’MQ”M$6.75The increase in the priceof videos increases the demand for movies.

اسلاید ۱۰: Chapter 16Slide 10ObservationWithout considering the feedback effect with general equilibrium, the impact of the tax would have been underestimatedThis is an important consideration for policy makers. Two Interdependent Markets: Movie Tickets and Videocassette Rentals

اسلاید ۱۱: Chapter 16Slide 11QuestionsWhat would be the feedback effect of a tax increase on one of two complementary goodsWhat are the policy implications of using a partial equilibrium analysis compared to a general equilibrium in this scenarioTwo Interdependent Markets: Movie Tickets and Videocassette Rentals

اسلاید ۱۲: Chapter 16Slide 12The Interdependence of International MarketsBrazil and the United States export soybeans and are, therefore, interdependent.Brazil limited exports in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s.Eventually the export controls were to be removed, and Brazilian exports were expected to increase.

اسلاید ۱۳: Chapter 16Slide 13Partial AnalysisBrazilian domestic soybean price will fall and domestic demand for soybean products would increase.The Interdependence of International Markets

اسلاید ۱۴: Chapter 16Slide 14General AnalysisIn the U.S. the price of soybeans and output would increase; U.S. exports would increase and Brazilian exports would fall (even after regulations ended).The Interdependence of International Markets

اسلاید ۱۵: Chapter 16Slide 15Efficiency in ExchangeExchange increases efficiency until no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off (Pareto efficiency).The Advantages of TradeTrade between two parties is mutually beneficial.

اسلاید ۱۶: Chapter 16Slide 16Efficiency in ExchangeAssumptionsTwo consumers (countries)Two goodsBoth people know each others preferencesExchanging goods involves zero transaction costsJames & Karen have a total of 10 units of food and 6 units of clothing.

اسلاید ۱۷: Chapter 16Slide 17The Advantage of TradeJames7F, 1C-1F, +1C6F, 2CKaren3F, 5C+1F, -1C4F, 4CIndividualInitial AllocationTradeFinal AllocationKaren’s MRS of food for clothing is 3.James’s MRS of food for clothing is 1/2.Karen and James are willing to trade: Karentrades 1C for 1F. When the MRS is not equal,there is gain from trade. The economically efficient allocation occurs when the MRS is equal.

اسلاید ۱۸: Chapter 16Slide 18Efficiency in ExchangeThe Edgeworth Box DiagramWhich trades can occur and which allocation will be efficient can be illustrated using a diagram called an Edgeworth Box.

اسلاید ۱۹: Exchange in an Edgeworth Box10F0K0J6C10F6CJames’sClothingKaren’sClothingKaren’s FoodJames’s Food2C1C5C4C4F3F7F6F+1C-1FThe allocation after trade is B: James has 6F and 2C & Karen has 4F and 4C. ABThe initial allocation before trade is A: James has 7F and 1C & Karen has 3F and 5C.

اسلاید ۲۰: Chapter 16Slide 20Efficiency in ExchangeEfficient AllocationsIf James’s and Karen’s MRS are the same at B the allocation is efficient.This depends on the shape of their indifference curves.

اسلاید ۲۱: Chapter 16Slide 21AA: UJ1 = UK1,but the MRSis not equal.All combinationsin the shadedarea arepreferred to A.Gains fromtradeKaren’sClothingKaren’s FoodUK1UK2UK3James’sClothingJames’s FoodUJ1UJ2UJ3BCDEfficiency in Exchange10F0K0J6C10F6C

اسلاید ۲۲: Chapter 16Slide 22AKaren’sClothingKaren’s FoodUK1UK2UK3James’sClothingJames’s FoodUJ1UJ2UJ3BCDEfficiency in Exchange10F0K0J6C10F6CIs B efficientHint: is theMRS equalat BIs C efficientand D

اسلاید ۲۳: Chapter 16Slide 23Efficiency in ExchangeAKaren’sClothingKaren’s FoodUK1UK2UK3James’sClothingJames’s FoodUJ1UJ2UJ3BCD10F0K0J6C10F6CEfficient AllocationsAny move outside the shaded area will make one person worse off (closer to their origin).B is a mutually beneficial trade–higher indifference curve for each person.Trade may be beneficial but not efficient.MRS is equal when indifference curves are tangent and the allocation is efficient.

اسلاید ۲۴: Chapter 16Slide 24Efficiency in ExchangeThe Contract CurveTo find all possible efficient allocations of food and clothing between Karen and James, we would look for all points of tangency between each of their indifference curves.

اسلاید ۲۵: Chapter 16Slide 25The Contract Curve0JJames’sClothingKaren’sClothing0KKaren’s FoodJames’s FoodEFGContractCurveE, F, & G arePareto efficient . If a change improvesefficiency, everyonebenefits.

اسلاید ۲۶: Chapter 16Slide 26Efficiency in ExchangeObservations1)All points of tangency between the indifference curves are efficient.2)The contract curve shows all allocations that are Pareto efficient.Pareto efficient allocation occurs when trade will make someone worse off.

اسلاید ۲۷: Chapter 16Slide 27Efficiency in ExchangeApplication: The policy implication of Pareto efficiency when removing import quotas:1)Remove quotasConsumers gainSome workers lose2)Subsidies to the workers that cost less than the gain to consumers

اسلاید ۲۸: Chapter 16Slide 28Efficiency in ExchangeConsumer Equilibrium in a Competitive MarketCompetitive markets have many actual or potential buyers and sellers, so if people do not like the terms of an exchange, they can look for another seller who offers better terms.

اسلاید ۲۹: Chapter 16Slide 29Efficiency in ExchangeConsumer Equilibrium in a Competitive MarketThere are many Jameses and Karens.They are price takersPrice of food and clothing = 1 (relative prices will determine trade)

اسلاید ۳۰: UK1UK2PPrice LineP’PP’ is the price lineand shows possiblecombinations; slope is -1UJ1UJ2Competitive Equilibrium10F0K0J6C10F6CJames’sClothingKaren’sClothingKaren’s FoodJames’s FoodCABegin at A:Each James buys 2C and sells 2FEach James would move fromUj1 to Uj2, which is preferred (A to C).Begin at A:Each Karen buys 2F and sells 2C. Each Karen would move fromUK1 to UK2, which is preferred (A to C).

اسلاید ۳۱: UK1UK2PPrice LineP’UJ1UJ2Competitive Equilibrium10F0K0J6C10F6CJames’sClothingKaren’sClothingKaren’s FoodJames’s FoodAt the prices chosen:Quantity fooddemanded (Karen)equals quantityfood supplied (James)–competitiveequilibrium.At the prices chosen:Quantity clothing demanded(James) equals quantityclothing supplied (Karen)–competitive equilibrium.CA

اسلاید ۳۲: Chapter 16Slide 32Efficiency in ExchangeScenarioPF and PC = 3James’s MRS of clothing for food is 1/2.Karen’s MRS of clothing for food is 3.James will not trade.Karen will want to trade.The market is in disequilibrium.Surplus of clothingShortage of food

اسلاید ۳۳: Chapter 16Slide 33Efficiency in ExchangeQuestionsHow would the market reach equilibriumHow does the outcome from the exchange with many