پاورپوینت کامل (Individual and Market Demand (Chapter 4 100 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل (Individual and Market Demand (Chapter 4 100 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Chapter 4Slide 4Individual DemandPrice ChangesUsing the figures developed in the previous chapter, the impact of a change in the price of food can be illustrated using indifference curves.

اسلاید ۵: Chapter 4Slide 5Effect of a Price ChangeFood (units per month)Clothing(units permonth)456U2U3ABDU141220Three separateindifference curvesare tangent toeach budget line.Assume: I = $20PC = $2PF = $2, $1, $.5010

اسلاید ۶: Chapter 4Slide 6Price-Consumption CurveEffect of a Price ChangeFood (units per month)Clothing(units permonth)456U2U3ABDU141220The price-consumptioncurve traces out theutility maximizingmarket basket for thevarious prices for food.

اسلاید ۷: Chapter 4Slide 7Effect of a Price ChangeDemand CurveIndividual Demand relatesthe quantity of a good thata consumer will buy to theprice of that good.Food (units per month)Priceof FoodHEG$2.0041220$1.00$.50

اسلاید ۸: Chapter 4Slide 8Individual DemandTwo Important Properties of Demand Curves1)The level of utility that can be attained changes as we move along the curve.The Individual Demand Curve

اسلاید ۹: Chapter 4Slide 9Individual DemandTwo Important Properties of Demand Curves2)At every point on the demand curve, the consumer is maximizing utility by satisfying the condition that the MRS of food for clothing equals the ratio of the prices of food andclothing.The Individual Demand Curve

اسلاید ۱۰: Chapter 4Slide 10Effect of a Price ChangeFood (units per month)Priceof FoodHEG$2.0041220$1.00$.50Demand CurveE: Pf/Pc = 2/2 = 1 = MRSG: Pf/Pc = 1/2 = .5 = MRSH:Pf/Pc = .5/2 = .25 = MRSWhen the price falls: Pf/Pc & MRS also fall

اسلاید ۱۱: Chapter 4Slide 11Individual DemandIncome ChangesUsing the figures developed in the previous chapter, the impact of a change in the income can be illustrated using indifference curves.

اسلاید ۱۲: Chapter 4Slide 12Effects of Income ChangesFood (units per month)Clothing(units permonth)An increase in income,with the prices fixed,causes consumers to altertheir choice ofmarket basket.Income-Consumption Curve34AU1510BU2D716U3Assume: Pf = $1 Pc = $2 I = $10, $20, $30

اسلاید ۱۳: Chapter 4Slide 13Effects of Income ChangesFood (units per month)Priceof foodAn increase in income,from $10 to $20 to $30,with the prices fixed,shifts the consumer’sdemand curve to the right. $1.004D1E10D2G16D3H

اسلاید ۱۴: Chapter 4Slide 14Individual DemandIncome ChangesThe income-consumption curve traces out the utility-maximizing combinations of food and clothing associated with every income level.

اسلاید ۱۵: Chapter 4Slide 15Individual DemandIncome ChangesAn increase in income shifts the budget line to the right, increasing consumption along the income-consumption curve.Simultaneously, the increase in income shifts the demand curve to the right.

اسلاید ۱۶: Chapter 4Slide 16Individual DemandIncome ChangesWhen the income-consumption curve has a positive slope:The quantity demanded increases with income.The income elasticity of demand is positive.The good is a normal good.Normal Good vs. Inferior Good

اسلاید ۱۷: Chapter 4Slide 17Individual DemandIncome ChangesWhen the income-consumption curve has a negative slope:The quantity demanded decreases with income.The income elasticity of demand is negative.The good is an inferior good.Normal Good vs. Inferior Good

اسلاید ۱۸: Chapter 4Slide 18An Inferior GoodHamburger (units per month)Steak(units permonth)1530U3CIncome-ConsumptionCurve…but hamburgerbecomes an inferiorgood when the incomeconsumption curvebends backward between B and C.10520510AU1BU2Both hamburgerand steak behaveas a normal good, between A and B…

اسلاید ۱۹: Chapter 4Slide 19Individual DemandEngel CurvesEngel curves relate the quantity of good consumed to income.If the good is a normal good, the Engel curve is upward sloping.If the good is an inferior good, the Engel curve is downward sloping.

اسلاید ۲۰: Chapter 4Slide 20Engel CurvesFood (unitsper month)30481210Income($ permonth)20160Engel curves slopeupward fornormal goods.

اسلاید ۲۱: Chapter 4Slide 21Engel CurvesEngel curves slopebackward bending for inferior goods.InferiorNormalFood (unitsper month)30481210Income($ permonth)20160

اسلاید ۲۲: Consumer Expenditures in the United StatesEntertainment701514205426544300Owned Dwellings1116172522533243445457939898Rented Dwellings1957217023712536213715401266Health Care1031169719181820205222142642Food26563385412962208279Clothing85997813631772177826143442ExpenditureLess than1,000-20,000-30,000-40,000-50,000-70,000-($) on:$10,00019,00029,00039,00049,00069,000and aboveIncome Group (1997 $)

اسلاید ۲۳: Chapter 4Slide 23Individual Demand1) Two goods are considered substitutes if an increase (decrease) in the price of one leads to an increase (decrease) in the quantity demanded of the other.e.g. movie tickets and video rentalsSubstitutes and Complements

اسلاید ۲۴: Chapter 4Slide 24Individual Demand2) Two goods are considered complements if an increase (decrease) in the price of one leads to a decrease (increase) in the quantity demanded of the other.e.g. gasoline and motor oilSubstitutes and Complements

اسلاید ۲۵: Chapter 4Slide 25Individual Demand3) Two goods are independent when a change in the price of one good has no effect on the quantity demandedof the otherSubstitutes and Complements

اسلاید ۲۶: Chapter 4Slide 26Individual DemandSubstitutes and ComplementsIf the price consumption curve is downward-sloping, the two goods are considered substitutes.If the price consumption curve is upward-sloping, the two goods are considered complements.They could be both!

اسلاید ۲۷: Chapter 4Slide 27Income and Substitution EffectsA fall in the price of a good has two effects: Substitution & IncomeSubstitution EffectConsumers will tend to buy more of the good that has become relatively cheaper, and less of the good that is now relatively more expensive.

اسلاید ۲۸: Chapter 4Slide 28Income and Substitution EffectsA fall in the price of a good has two effects: Substitution & IncomeIncome EffectConsumers experience an increase in real purchasing power when the price of one good falls.

اسلاید ۲۹: Chapter 4Slide 29Income and Substitution EffectsSubstitution EffectThe substitution effect is the change in an item’s consumption associated with a change in the price of the item, with the level of utility held constant.When the price of an item declines, the substitution effect always leads to an increase in the quantity of the item demanded.

اسلاید ۳۰: Chapter 4Slide 30Income and Substitution EffectsIncome EffectThe income effect is the change in an item’s consumption brought about by the increase in purchasing power, with the price of the item held constant.When a person’s income increases, the quantity demanded for the product may increase or decrease.

اسلاید ۳۱: Chapter 4Slide 31Income and Substitution EffectsIncome EffectEven with inferior goods, the income effect is rarely large enough to outweigh the substitution effect.

اسلاید ۳۲: Chapter 4Slide 3