فایل ورد کامل اتوماسیون پایش کیفیت آب در صربستان

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تعداد صفحات این فایل: ۱۶ صفحه

وضعیت فعلی در خصوص پایش آب های سطحی در صربستان دارای خصوصیات ذیل می باشد:
پایش کیفیت آب سطحی با نمونه برداری دستی در ۱۲۹ مکان در ۶۶ رودخانه
یک ایستگاه اتوماتیک( رودخانه Kolubara – Beli Brod) با سیستم متشکل از پمپ و با جریان آب از طریق مخزن با حسگر ها( در شرایط عملیاتی)
دو ایستگاه اتوماتیک( رودخانه تیسا) با پروب های چند پارامتری که به طور مستقیم در آب رودخانه غوطه ور می شود
چهار ایستکاه اتوماتیک در ورودی و خروجی صربستان، در فاز طراحی.

عنوان انگلیسی:WATER QUALITY MONITORING AUTOMATION OF RIVERS IN SERBIA~~en~~

INTRODUCTION The traditional approach to monitoring of river water quality consists of manual sampling in remote locations and the transport of samples to the laboratory for chemical analysis. This approach, although it is relatively non-technical and easily reproducible, is also time-consuming, has high labor costs, may be limited due to weather conditions, can give inconsistent results and does not allow the continual collection of data (Wang et al., 2004). The examples of new technology and instrumentation are automatic monitoring stations that are already effectively used in a number of networks for monitoring the “capture” of various pollutants or temporal changes in toxicity (Mutko et al. 1997, Bols et al. 1999, Lechelt et al. 2000, Allan et al. 2006, Markovi et al. 2007, Mariolakos et al. 2007, Scott et al. 2007, Strobl et al. 2008). Automatic monitoring systems have been developed by companies that manufacture devices for measuring water quality (YSI 2010) or the solutions were developed on the level of patents (Moskoff, 2004). Automatic monitoring is not suitable for all situations. The choice of automatic monitoring must be based on specific monitoring objectives, program resources and the suitability of sites. The selected method must match the program objectives and be technically feasible. Automatic methods may correspond more than manual ones in the following situations: high variable water quality daily or hourly, transient events that affect the quality of the water, or when it is not possible to sample manually or it is difficult to maintain the required sampling frequency (Field Manual, 1999). The present situation in Serbia, in terms of network automation stations for monitoring surface water quality, is such that is currently operating only one automatic station on the Kolubara river (a tributary of the river Sava), located in Beli Brod. This station was put into operation in July 2008 as a result of cooperation between Serbia and Germany in the Twinning Project “Strengthening the capacities of the Water Directorate” and monitors only the basic parameters of water quality; continuous monitoring diagrams are presented on the web site of the RHMS (Mijovi et al., 2009). Also, as part of Neighbourhood Programme Serbia-Hungary, two automatic stations were installed on the river Tisa at locations Novi Kneevac and Novi Beej. These stations operate on the principle of multiparameter probe directly immersed in river water, and measure a number of parameters. These were put into operation also in 2008 and store data in the database; however, observed parameter values are not realistic, indicating a lack of calibration of sensors in multiparameter probes, so that the results of continuous monitoring have not been made available to the public (Mijovi et al. 2007, 2008). In addition to these automated stations that have already been physically installed, although with various operational statuses, the project for an early warning system of surface water pollution, which was initiated in 2006 by the Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection under the NIP (National Investment Plan), was made in 2007 by a team from the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad (Kuli et al., 2007). Four automatic stations were provided by this project, i.e. three ones at the inlet locations of the river Sava – at Jamena, the river Danube – at Bezdan , and the river Tisa – at Novi Kneevac, as well as an automatic station at the outlet of Serbia, i.e. at Radujevac on the river Danube. It was intended that these stations monitor several parameters – from the basic ones (temperature, turbidity, pH values, etc.) to very sophisticated ones (Daphnia toximeter, SAC 254, the measurement of radioactivity, etc.), and be modular, so that they can function as a basic measurement program, an extended measurement program, and so on. s a basic measurement program, an extended measurement program, and so on. In general, automatic stations for water quality monitoring can function on two basic principles: a) a water intake pump and sensors in the measuring reservoir, and b) a measuring probe directly immersed in the river water (Mijovi & Palmar, 2009). AUTOMATIC STATION BELI BROD ON THE KOLUBARA RIVER The principle of automatic station operation is based on the abstraction of river water, flow of water through the reservoir with immersed sensors that measure the parameters of the water quality and restore water into the river (Mijovic & Palmar, 2009). The measured values of the parameters are saved using a data-logger, transmitted through a GSM modem to the server in RHMS and stored in a central database. Water Quality Monitoring Automation of Rivers in Serbia 3 An automatic weather station for monitoring water quality of the Kolubara river is located at 44 22 16″ latitude and 20 11 59″ longitude, elevation zero meters is 99.32 maAsl, and the distance from the mouth of the river is 39.2 km. The installed equipment consists of a sensor for the continuous measurement of the water level, water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen and electroconductivity. In addition, the submersible pump was installed at the water intake location for the continuous abstraction of river water and providing water flow through the reservoir in which the sensors for measuring the above mentioned parameters of water quality are immersed, as well as a water-flow meter.

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