فایل ورد کامل اثر روش های استقرار گیاه و تیمار های کنترل علف هرز بر مدیریت علف هرز و عملکرد برنج

توجه : به همراه فایل word این محصول فایل پاورپوینت (PowerPoint) و اسلاید های آن به صورت هدیه ارائه خواهد شد

این مقاله، ترجمه شده یک مقاله مرجع و معتبر انگلیسی می باشد که به صورت بسیار عالی توسط متخصصین این رشته ترجمه شده است و به صورت فایل ورد (microsoft word) ارائه می گردد

متن داخلی مقاله بسیار عالی، پر محتوا و قابل درک می باشد و شما از استفاده ی آن بسیار لذت خواهید برد. ما عالی بودن این مقاله را تضمین می کنیم

فایل ورد این مقاله بسیار خوب تایپ شده و قابل کپی و ویرایش می باشد و تنظیمات آن نیز به صورت عالی انجام شده است؛ به همراه فایل ورد این مقاله یک فایل پاور پوینت نیز به شما ارئه خواهد شد که دارای یک قالب بسیار زیبا و تنظیمات نمایشی متعدد می باشد

توجه : در صورت مشاهده بهم ریختگی احتمالی در متون زیر ،دلیل ان کپی کردن این مطالب از داخل فایل می باشد و در فایل اصلی فایل ورد کامل اثر روش های استقرار گیاه و تیمار های کنترل علف هرز بر مدیریت علف هرز و عملکرد برنج،به هیچ وجه بهم ریختگی وجود ندارد

تعداد صفحات این فایل: ۲۸ صفحه

نتایج این مطالعه اثبات کرد که DSR می تواند تولید عملکرد بیشتری در مقایسه با PTR کند به شرط این که علف هرز ها به طور مناسب کنترل شوند. استفاده از ترکیب علف کش های پس رویشی برای گراس، جگن و  علف هرز   پهن برگ، عملکرد بالایی نسبت به استعمال علف کش پس رویشی نشان داد بدون  روش کنترل، فشار علف هرز در DSR و WSR نسبت به PTR بالاتر بود. گراس ها  در DSR نسبت به PTR و NPTR. بیشتر بودند. در هر دو فصل، کارایی علف کش  در DSR و WSR بهتر از روش های دیگر بود.

عنوان انگلیسی:Effect of crop establishment methods and weed control treatments on weed management, and rice yield~~en~~

Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is consumed as a staple food by more than half of the world’s population. In Asia, the major rice production method used is manual transplanting of seedlings into puddled soil. Puddling, a process of cultivating soil in standing water, consumes a large quantity of water (Bouman and Tuong, 2001). However, human population is increasing at an alarming rate and water resources are depleting. Nowadays, water scarcity is a major concern in many regions of the world, as competition between agricultural and industrial consumption of water resources intensifies and climatic unpredictability increases (Hanjar and Quereshi, 2010; Mahajan et al., 2011, 2012). There is a threat that Asian rice growers will probably have inadequate access to irrigation water in the future (Tuong and Bouman, 2003; Mahajan et al., 2013). The scarcity of irrigation water, therefore, threatens the sustainability of rice production in irrigated environments (Chauhan et al., 2012, 2014b). In addition, the migration of rural labor to urban areas, because of industrialization, causes a shortage of labor during the peak season of transplanting in many regions of Asia (Mahajan et al., 2013; Pandey and Velasco, 2005). This results in delays in transplanting, lower grain yield, and delays in planting of the next crop. Puddling also has deteriorating effects on soil structure, which adversely affect the subsequent nonrice crop (Timsina and Connor, 2001). Several studies in China (Yan et al., 2010), South Asia (Gupta et al., 2002; Malik and Yadav, 2008), and Australia (Beecher et al., 2006) have revealed that rice can be successfully grown using dry seeding. Dry-seeded rice (DSR) has been developed as an alternative method of rice establishment that reduces labor requirements and other inputs while increasing or maintaining economic productivity and alleviating soil degradation problems (Ladha et al., 2009; Farooq et al., 2011). However, some studies reported a reduction in yield when shifting from puddled transplanted rice (PTR)to DSR using alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water management (Bhushan et al., 2007; Choudhury et al., 2007). The yield reductions were related to the management practices applied and the climatic conditions in the planting site (Belder et al., 2004; Gathala et al., 2006; Kato et al., 2009; Singh et al., 2011). DSR can be sown after conventional tillage or under zero-till conditions (Chauhan and Opena, 2012). Zero-till systems require less labor and fuel compared with conventional tillage systems (Chauhan and Johnson, 2009). The sustainability of DSR, however, is endangered by heavy weed infestations (Chauhan, 2012; Mahajan et al., 2013). Weed control is particularly challenging in DSR systems because of the diversity and severity of weed infestation, the absence of standing water layer to suppress weeds at the time of rice emergence, and no seedling size advantage of rice over the weed seedlings as both emerge simultaneously. In DSR systems, land preparation operations influence weed seed distribution in the soil profile and the comparative abundance of weed species (Chauhan and Opena, 2012). The shifts in weed flora composition in agricultural cropping systems have been widely documented. These changes resulted fromselectionpressures imposedbymodifications andinnovations in agricultural technologies, which have altered weed habitats to some extent (Haas and Streibig, 1982; Hall et al., 2000). Differences in weed flora also depend on the rice establishment method used. A large number of perennial species [Paspalum distichum L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Cyperus rotundus L.] as well as annual grasses (Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.) and annual sedges [Cyperus difformis L. and Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl] were found in conventional-till DSR systems (Timsina et al., 2010). In the same study, less growth of perennial weeds (C. dactylon, P. distichum, and C. rotundus) and annual weeds (I. rugosum and F. miliacea) was observed in the zerotill DSR system compared with the conventional-till DSR system. In another study in DSR, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. appeared after three successive seasons, followed by Leptochloa chinensis (L.)

$$en!!