فایل ورد کامل تورم، نابرابری درآمد و رشد اقتصادی در پاکستان: تحلیل هم انباشتگی

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فایل ورد این مقاله بسیار خوب تایپ شده و قابل کپی و ویرایش می باشد و تنظیمات آن نیز به صورت عالی انجام شده است؛ به همراه فایل ورد این مقاله یک فایل پاور پوینت نیز به شما ارئه خواهد شد که دارای یک قالب بسیار زیبا و تنظیمات نمایشی متعدد می باشد

توجه : در صورت مشاهده بهم ریختگی احتمالی در متون زیر ،دلیل ان کپی کردن این مطالب از داخل فایل می باشد و در فایل اصلی فایل ورد کامل تورم، نابرابری درآمد و رشد اقتصادی در پاکستان: تحلیل هم انباشتگی،به هیچ وجه بهم ریختگی وجود ندارد

تعداد صفحات این فایل: ۲۰ صفحه

تحلیل حاضر تلاش کرد تاثیر تورم و نابرابری درآمد بر رشد اقتصادی در اقتصاد پاکستان را کشف کند. تاثیرات سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی، فرستادن کارگران و ارزش افزوده بخش تولید بر رشد نیز با استفاده از داده های سریهای زمانی سالانه مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. از رویکرد هم انباشتگی جوهانسن برای بررسی بار و فشار متغیرها بر رشد اقتصادی استفاده گردید. مطالعه انجام شده به این نتیجه رسید که بین نابرابری درآمد و رشد اقتصادی در پاکستان، رابطه منفی وجود دارد. به علاوه، تورم، FDI، فرستادن ، و ارزش افزوده تولید در پاکستان یک تاثیر تحریک کنندگی رشد نیز اعمال می نمایند.
نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد نابرابری درآمد برای رشد بهتر است اما نابرابری بالاتر درآمد برای القاء مزایای رشد به قشر فقیر در اقتصاد مفید می باشد. سیاست های اقتصادی دولت باید بر توزیع مجدد درآمد از طریق مالیات بندی تصاعدی تاکید نمایند. به علاوه، لازم است علل نابرابری درآمد در پاکستان مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. دولت باید از سیاست اقتصادی برای تجهیز منابع مالی استفاده کرده و از میوه و ثمره مخارج دولت برای کمک به رشد انحصاری مطمئن شود. دراقتصاد تورم تاثیر محرک رشد اعمال می نماید. اما سطوح بالاتر تورم، اثر معکوسی بر تاثیرات کاهنده رشد فقر اعمال می نمایند. سیاست اقتصاد کلان برای تحریک رشد پایدار، استخدام و اشتغال زایی تولید شده باقیمت ثابت، مناسب تر خواهد بود. 

عنوان انگلیسی:Inflation, Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Cointegration Analysis~~en~~

Introduction Pakistan economy is one of those economies that have experienced volatility in growth and price levels. This economy is endowed with human and natural resources. But it has not shown robustness in setting up the growth track. Income distribution in Pakistan economy is much skewed. Employment generated opportunities are not enough to combat the miseries of poverty and income inequality. Furthermore, ours economy, on the average, has faced higher levels of inflation rate and volatility in general price level. Higher level of inflation has its adverse effect on the poor and deprived household. The arguments about the impact of inflation, in economic theoretical literature and empirical studies are inconclusive. Some of the studies are in favor of inflation for the generation of economic growth but some studies conclude negative impact of inflation on economic growth. Inflation showed a positive impact on economic growth in a cross-section of industrialized economies, whereas inflation exerts a negative effect on a cross-section of 7 developing countries (Thirlwall and Barton, 1971). According to Fischer (1993) inflation exerts negative impact on economic growth by reducing investment and productivity growth. The cross-sectional analysis of Barro (1995) concluded negative impacts of inflation on growth in the economies of high-inflation keeping the characteristics like education, fertility rate etc. constant. This analysis of Barro (1995) covered the data of more than hundred economies for the period 1960-90. Bruno and Easterly (1995), in empirical analysis, used the annual inflation rate measured by CPI to check the determinants of economic growth of 26 economies for the period of inflation crises. This study considered 40 percent of inflation rate as threshold level for inflation crises. The authors, excluding the economies with high inflation, found no evidence of relationship between inflation and growth. The study, beyond the threshold level, suggested a temporal negative relationship between inflation and economic growth. Discrete high inflation crises caused no permanent negative impact on growth and the economies recover pre-crises rates of growth after reduction in inflation rate. Due to the severe price hike of 1970s the inflation has been witnessed to have negative impact on economic growth where as before the inflation crises the inflation empirical studies suggested positive impact of inflation on economic growth (Sarel, 1995). Andres and Hernando (1997) used convergence equations to find no evidence of long run positive correlation between inflation and growth in OECD economies. Inflation reduces the investment and efficiency with which factors were used. Inflation showed a negative impact on growth temporarily. The authors observed diminishing marginal costs of inflation with the rate of inflation. Malla (1997) found, after controlling the labor and capital inputs, a negative and significant impact of inflation and its first difference on growth in OECD countries. The positive impact of first difference of inflation on growth was insignificant for developing economies of Asia. The author termed the adjustment in country sample and time period to be basic problem for the cross-country relationship between inflation and growth in the long run. The comparison of cross-country time series regressions gives little information about the relationship of inflation and growth in different regions and time periods. Khan and Sehnadji (2000) confirmed the threshold level of inflation beyond that threshold level inflation showed adverse impact on growth. The authors used the data of 140 developing and developed countries for the period from 1960 to 1998. The study, depending on the estimation method, found that threshold of 1-3 percent in industrialized economies was lower than the threshold of 7-11 percent in developing countries. Malik and Chowdhry (2001) applied cointegration and error correction models to analyze the short run and long run relationship between inflation and growth for four South Asian economies. The study suggested positive and statistically significant relationship between inflation and economic growth for all the economies included in the examination. Further, the study found that the sensitivity of growth to changes in rate of inflation as smaller than the changes of inflation to changes in rates of growth. According to the authors the four of the economies were on the turning point of the relationship between inflation and growth. Lee and Wong (2005) found one threshold rate of inflation in the relationship between inflation and growth in Taiwan, where as there were two threshold values the economy of Japan. According to the results the inflation rate below the threshold level of 7.25 percent in Taiwan and 9.66 percent in Japan financial development promoted growth. The threshold levels in both of the countries appeared during high inflation period of energy crises of 1970s. Mubarik (2005) used annual data of Pakistan economy for the period 1973 to 2000 to estimate the threshold level of inflation. The threshold model and sensitivity analyses of the author found 9 percent inflation rate to be threshold level beyond that level inflation showed adverse impact on the growth of the economy and below 9 percent the inflation has been favorable for the economic growth. The Granger causality test confirmed the unidirectional causality from inflation to growth.

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