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تعداد صفحات این فایل: ۱۷ صفحه

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسیعنوان انگلیسی:BLUE MINING – THE FUTURE OF MINING INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR UNDERGROUND PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS~~en~~

Abstract

Due to continuously growing resource demands and increasing requirements for sustainability, safety and environmental protection on the other hand, the mining industry is being subjected to these additional requirements. Over the past few decades progress has been made in all topics. In 1987, the United Nations published the following in the Brundtland Report: “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”[۵] The term “Blue Mining” means to work sustainably, economically, ecologically, and efficiently while also improving ergonomics, for example by increasing automation. An example of how mining can actively be involved in energy management will be shown. Initial evaluations of underground cavitites were done for purpose of energy storage. The planning and construction of underground pump storage plants both in active and inactive mining operations was also investigated.

۱ Introduction

The mining for energy and mineral resources has been ongoing for over two millennia. The extraction of resources has increased the prosperity of Europeans but has also lead to conflicts and a negative impact on the mining regions. Environmental issues were completely ignored, resources were often needlessly wasted, and the people were exposed to hazardous and unhealthy work environments. The negative effects of mining can still be seen in the subsidence of swaths of land, waste heaps with poisonous residue or unknown underground openings that can lead to sudden surface depressions. In addition, the underground workplace is a workplace that does not comply with the work environment above ground. It seems evident that through an intergenerational contract, in which the current generation is committed to a conservational and diligent handling of resources for future generations, fundamental changes with regards in the mindset and actions of mining companies are required.

BLUE MINING – A Definition

The mining of primary resources is a keystone of economic strength and the prosperity. At the same time today, more than ever, attention must be given to the fact that mineral deposits are limited and resources need to be mined in a gentle and effective manner by the mining industry. As a result of the mining-related breaches against humanity and nature in Germany, it is necessary to learn from these mistakes. The statement “leave no trace behind” has been proposed decades and means to preserve the environment now and for the future. By adhering to this approach, the long-standing goal of sustainability can truly be realized. Besides sustainable handling of resources, the issue of “energy” must be introduced. Considering the current political conditions in Germany, which plans on implementing an energy turnabout this coming decade, “energy” concerns can no longer be ignored. All aspects linked to energy, be it energy production, energy efficiency, or energy storage and distribution, should be regarded as essential components of sustainability. The third point, which leads to concept of “Blue Mining”, includes the consideration of ergonomic workplaces in underground mining. To summarize, the term “Blue Mining” has the following core elements: 1) Sustainability Limited deposits and resources should be mined out in their entirety, while limiting the effect on nature and human beings. The term describes the concept of the use of regenerative systems in a way that this system remains intact in its core characteristics and its supply can be regenerated through natural processes. Relating to mining, Germany has developed sustainability indicators in the recent past that account for the guidelines of a sustainable development concept [3]. For this, the core statement goes back to the conclusions of Brundtland Commission in 1987. The term for sustainable development was precisely defined for the first time as: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”[۴] Transferred to the mining industry this statement stands for the careful extraction of resources so that the current demand is met while avoiding the squandering of resources to guarantee the current standard of living for future generations. This means that precisely those limited resources that have an integral role in our current prosperity cannot be wasted or neglectfully handled [3][4].

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