فایل ورد کامل پیشرفت های اخیر در بیوتکنولوژی گیاهان دارویی

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تعداد صفحات این فایل: ۲۴ صفحه

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسیعنوان انگلیسی:Recent advances in medicinal plant biotechnology~~en~~

Abstract

Medicinal plants are the most important source of life saving drugs for the majority of the world’s population. Plant secondary metabolites are economically important as drugs, fragrances, pigments, food additives and pesticides. The biotechnological tools are important to select, multiply, improve and analyze medicinal plants. In-vitro production of secondary metabolites in plant cell suspension cultures has been reported from various medicinal plants and bioreactors are the key step towards commercial production of secondary metabolites by plant biotechnology. Genetic transformation is a powerful tool for enhancing the productivity of novel secondary metabolites; especially by Agrobacterium tumefacians. Combinatorial biosynthesis is another approach in the generation of novel natural products and for the production of rare and expensive natural products. DNA profiling techniques like DNA microarrays serve as suitable high throughput tools for the simultaneous analysis of multiple genes and analysis of gene expression that becomes necessary for providing clues about regulatory mechanism, biochemical pathways and broader cellular functions.

۱ Introduction

It is estimated that 70-80% of people worldwide rely chiefly on traditional, largely herbal, medicines to meet their primary healthcare needs1 . The global demand for herbal medicine is not only large, but growing1,2. Various technologies have been adopted for enhancing bioactive molecules in medicinal plants3 . Biotechnological tools are important for the multiplication and genetic enhancement of the medicinal plants by adopting techniques such as in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation4 . It could also be harnessed for the production of secondary metabolites using plants as bioreactors. Advances in tissue culture, combined with improvement in genetic engineering techniques specifically transformation technology, have opened new avenues for high volume production of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and other beneficial substances. Recent advances in the molecular biology, enzymology and fermentation technology of plant cell cultures suggest that these systems may become a viable source of important secondary metabolites. DNA manipulation is resulting in relatively large amounts of desired compounds produced by plants infected with an engineered virus, whereas transgenic plants can maintain constant levels of production of proteins without additional intervention. Large-scale use of plant tissue culture is found to be an attractive alternative approach to traditional methods of plantation as it offers a controlled supply of biochemicals independent of plant availability5, 6. Impact of specific engineering-related factors on cell suspension cultures has also been detailed6 . Current developments in tissue culture technology indicate that transcription factors are efficient new molecular tools for plant metabolic engineering to increase the production of valuable compounds7 . The approach to combine genes from different microorganisms for the production of new and interesting metabolites is known as combinatorial biosynthesis, which has emerged as a new tool in the generation of novel natural products, as well as for the production of rare and expensive natural products. There are several pharmaceuticals on the market that are highly expensive, due to the fact that these compounds are only found in rare plants and often in extreme low concentrations. Combinatorial biosynthetic strategies are expected to yield interesting alternatives in the near future. Combinatorial biosynthesis has been utilised for important classes of natural products, including alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine), terpenoids (artemisinin, paclitaxel) and flavonoids. Conventional strategies for expression profiling such as northern blot, reverse northern blot, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), nuclease protection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry are optimized for single gene analysis. Although, it is possible to modify at least some of these techniques for multiplexing, the procedure becomes increasingly technically cumbersome. For genome wide expression analysis it is necessary to develop technologies having high degree of automation, since in any living organism thousands of genes and their products function in a complicated and orchestrated way. DNA microarrays have been developed in response to the need for a high-throughput, efficient and comprehensive strategy that can simultaneously measure all the genes, or a large defined subset encoded by a genome8,9 . DNA microarrays are being used to study the transcriptional profile in various physiological and pathological conditions, leading to mining of novel genes and molecular markers for diagnosis, prediction or prognosis of those specific states10. This paper reviews the recent achievements and advances in the medicinal plant biotechnology.

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