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تعداد صفحات این فایل: ۲۶ صفحه

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسیعنوان انگلیسی:Does Fire Influence the Landscape-Scale Distribution of an Invasive Mesopredator~~en~~

Abstract

Predation and fire shape the structure and function of ecosystems globally. However, studies exploring interactions between these two processes are rare, especially at large spatial scales. This knowledge gap is significant not only for ecological theory, but also in an applied context, because it limits the ability of landscape managers to predict the outcomes of manipulating fire and predators. We examined the influence of fire on the occurrence of an introduced and widespread mesopredator, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), in semi-arid Australia. We used two extensive and complimentary datasets collected at two spatial scales. At the landscape-scale, we surveyed red foxes using sand-plots within 28 study landscapes – which incorporated variation in the diversity and proportional extent of fire-age classes – located across a 104 000 km2 study area. At the site-scale, we surveyed red foxes using camera traps at 108 sites stratified along a centurylong post-fire chronosequence (0–۱۰۵ years) within a 6630 km2 study area. Red foxes were widespread both at the landscape and site-scale. Fire did not influence fox distribution at either spatial scale, nor did other environmental variables that we measured. Our results show that red foxes exploit a broad range of environmental conditions within semi-arid Australia. The presence of red foxes throughout much of the landscape is likely to have significant implications for native fauna, particularly in recently burnt habitats where reduced cover may increase prey species’ predation risk.

۱ Introduction

Predators shape ecosystems worldwide [1]. They can exert topdown regulation of lower trophic levels [2] and induce trophic cascades which flow through entire ecosystems [3]. Predators introduced to areas outside of their native range can have a particularly strong effect on native species [4], and have caused population declines and extinctions in a range of ecosystems [5]. Many invasive predators are ‘mesopredators’: smaller predator species that increase in abundance or activity following the removal of apex predators [6]. For example, in Australia, persecution of the native apex predator, the dingo (Canis dingo), has led to increases in the density or activity of invasive mesopredators (e.g. the red fox [Vulpes vulpes]) throughout large portions of the continent [3].

Fire is another globally significant process that affects environments worldwide [7]. Fire influences ecosystems via bottom-up control by altering the availability of key resources for biota. Fire incinerates plant matter, altering vegetation structure [8,9], which in turn affects the distribution and abundance of animals [10]. Invasive mesopredators and fire share an important characteristic from a conservation perspective: both can be manipulated through management interventions. Invasive mesopredators are managed using lethal control and exclusion fencing, and fire using suppression or prescribed burning. However, management of mesopredators and fire usually occurs in isolation, without consideration of the potential effects of fire on mesopredators [11]. It is important to rapidly address this significant knowledge gap because some fire regimes may exacerbate the effects of invasive mesopredators by simplifying vegetation and amplifying predation risk [12,13]. For example, interactions between fire regimes and invasive mesopredators have been hypothesised as a cause of lower survival of reptile species in recently-burned areas [14], and a contributor to the collapse of small mammal communities in northern Australia [15].

The red fox is one of the world’s most widely distributed mesopredators. It is common in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Foxes, and a second introduced mesopredator, the feral cat (Felis catus), are widely regarded as the primary cause of extinctions and declines of Australia’s marsupial fauna [5]. Evidence for the negative impact of foxes has been demonstrated through predator-control experiments that have shown that prey species increase in both range and activity when foxes are removed [16,17]. Further evidence comes from dietary studies showing foxes eat a wide range of native mammal, reptile, bird, and invertebrate prey [18–۲۰].

Despite indications that foxes may inhibit the recovery of native species following fire [12,21], whether foxes are themselves influenced by fire remains poorly known. This knowledge gap limits the ability of land managers to consider the effects of fire management on red foxes, which could have negative ramifications for native biodiversity. While foxes are widely considered as habitat generalists, they do display local variability in occurrence related to habitat or landscape structure [22]. For example, in some regions, foxes prefer heterogeneous landscapes [22], as they are able to use multiple landscape elements on a daily or seasonal basis [23,24]. Fire management in many regions seeks to maximise landscape heterogeneity by creating mosaics of fire ages (i.e. ‘patch mosaic burning’; [۲۵]). Does such management inadvertently favour invasive mesopredators

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