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تعداد صفحات این فایل: ۲۶ صفحه

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسیعنوان انگلیسی:Application of hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction and dispersive liquideliquid microextraction techniques in analytical toxicology~~en~~

Abstract

Three-phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) are both microextraction methods based on supported liquid membranes (SLMs). In a three-phase SLM system, analytes of interest are extracted from an aqueous sample, through an organic solvent and further into an aqueous acceptor receiver solution. This system offers a simple, selective and cheap alternative to existing sample preparation techniques, and because of minor use of organic solvents per sample, these techniques are considered as green extraction techniques. This review will focus on the similarities and differences of the two techniques, discussing advantages and disadvantages, and show some examples from the last years on how the techniques can be used in different ways for preparation of different matrices.

Introduction

There is no doubt that reliability, precision and accuracy of the results of any analytical procedure are strongly dependent on the sample preparation method, especially when trace and ultratrace levels of the analytes in complex matrices (biological and environmental) should be analyzed. Indeed, sample preparation is often thought to be the most critical step in the whole analytical procedure because its steps account for onethird of the errors generated by the analytical method [1]. The traditional sample preparation technique is liquideliquid extraction (LLE). Despite extensive use of this method over the years it has important disadvantages. The LLE method is tedious, time consuming and uses large amount of toxic solvents [2]. In order to overcome these drawbacks, a great number of efforts have been made to develop new extraction techniques. The final goal of these efforts is to develop simple, rapid and inexpensive techniques that consume the minimum volume of toxic solvents and have the ability of automation. The efforts of different researchers in this area have resulted in the invention and development of new extraction techniques known as liquid-phase microextraction (LPME). The LPME is a solvent-minimized sample pretreatment procedure of LLE, in which only several microliters of solvent is required to concentrate analytes from various samples rather than hundreds of milliliters needed in traditional LLE. The other advantages of LPME are simplicity of operation, rapidity, low cost, high recovery and high enrichment factor [3]. The LPME can be divided into three main modes [4]: (1) single-drop microextraction; (2) hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction (HFLPME); and (3) dispersive liquideliquid microextraction (DLLME). Among these modes of LPME, HFLPME and DLLME have received much attention because of their benefits.

In this review, the recent developments including the use of ionic liquids and supramolecular solvents in HFLPME and DLLME and applications of HFLPME and DLLME in the extraction and preconcentration of different analytes from complex matrices (environmental and biological) are discussed.

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