پاورپوینت کامل Database Design Goals Normalization Normal Forms 34 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل Database Design Goals Normalization Normal Forms 34 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: Midterm!As per the syllabus, the Midterm will cover the pre-midterm lecture notes plus sections 1,2,3 (except 3.4 & 3.5), 4, 6, 7-7.7, 11 (except 11.3 and 11.9) of the textWe have examined all that material except chapter 11, which starts todayScheduling the midterm depends upon the speed with which we get through the material.It looks as if we’ll have enough time to schedule one day for review before the midtermMy current guess is that we might be able to schedule the midterm as early as March 13; certainly no later than March 20. I’m aiming for Tuesday, March 18.

اسلاید ۵: Midterm Study and Homework #2Material you are responsible for:All material presented in class before the midtermTextbook sections 1,2,3 (except 3.4 & 3.5), 4, 6, 7-7.7, 11 (except 11.3 and 11.9) The homework questions from assignment 1 (exercises 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 2.1-2.6) are all useful study aids, as are the questions from homework assignment #2:3.2, 3.3, 3.5, 3.6 — 3.9, 3.164.1, 4.2, 4.4 — 4.87.2, 7.4, 7.5, 7.11, 7.12, 7.15, 7.16, 7.21, 7.23Homework #2 is due Tuesday, March 11. I’ll try to have them back to you, graded, Thursday March 13 so you can use them as a study aid for the exam Tuesday, March 18.

اسلاید ۶: Classification of Physical Storage MediaMedia are classified according to three characteristics:speed of accesscost per unit of datareliabilitydata loss on power failure or system crashphysical failure of the storage deviceWe can also differentiate storage as eithervolatile storagenon-volative storage

اسلاید ۷: Physical Storage Media Overview (11.1)Typical media available are:CacheMain memoryFlash memoryMag diskOptical storage (CD or DVD)Tape storage

اسلاید ۸: Physical Storage Media — Cache and Main MemoryCachefastest and most costly form of storagevolatilemanaged by computer system hardwareMain memoryfast access (10s to 100s of nanoseconds)generally too small or expensive to hold the entire databasecurrent capacities commonly used are up to a few Gigabites capacities have gone up and per-byte costs have decreased steadily, roughly a factor of 2 every 2-3 yearsvolatile

اسلاید ۹: Physical Storage Media — Flash MemoryAlso known as EEPROM — Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memorynon-volatilereading data is comparable to main memory speedswriting is more complexcan’t overwrite a single location — a whole bank of memory must be erased to permit writing within that bank.erasing is only supported a limited number of times — 10,000 to one million erase cycleswrites are slow (a few microseconds), and erases are slowercost comparable to main memorywidely used in computer systems embedded in other devices, such as digital cameras and hand-held computers

اسلاید ۱۰: Physical Storage Media — Magnetic Diskdata is stored on a spinning disk and read/written magneticallyprimary medium for long-term storage of datatypically stores entire databasedata must be moved from disk to main memory for access, and written back for storagemuch slower access than main memory (about which more later)direct access — possible to read data on disk in any order, unlike magnetic tapecapacities up to 100 gigmuch larger capacity and cheaper cost/byte than main memory or flash memorycapacity doubles every two or three yearssurvives power failures and system crashesdisk failure can destroy data, but this is more rare than system crashes

اسلاید ۱۱: Physical Storage Media — Optical StorageNon-volatile; data is read optically from a spinning disk using a laserCD-ROM (640 MB) and DVD (4.7 to 17 GB) most popular formsWrite-once, Read-many (WORM) optical disks used for archival storage (CD-R and DCD-R)Multiple-write versions also available (CD-RW, DVD-RW, and DVD-RAM)Reads and writes are slower than with magnetic diskJuke-box systems available for storing large volumes of datalarge numbers of removable disksseveral drivesmechanism for automatic loading/unloading of disks

اسلاید ۱۲: Physical Storage Media — Tape StorageNon-volatileused primarily for backup (to recover from disk failure) and for archival datasequential access — much slower than diskvery high capacity (40-300 GB tapes available)tape can be removed from drive; storage costs much cheaper than disk, but drives are expensive; data is read optically from a spinning disk using a laserJuke-box systems available for storing large volumes of datae.g., remote sensing data, possibly hundreds of terabytes (1012 bytes) or even a petabyte (1015 bytes)

اسلاید ۱۳: Storage HierarchyPrimary storage: fastest media but volatilecachemain memorysecondary storage: next level in hierarchy; moderately fast access time, non-volatilealso called on-line storageflash memory, magnetic diskstertiary storage: lowest level in hierarchy; slower access time, non-volatilealso called off-line storageoptical storage, magnetic tape

اسلاید ۱۴: Magnetic Disks (11.2)Read-write headpositioned very close to the platter surface (almost touching it)Re