پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPoint

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پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPoint

اسلاید ۴: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointEpidemiology (2)COPD is the fourth leading cause of death in the USA and Europe, and COPD mortality in females has more than doubled over the last 20 years.

اسلاید ۵: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointEpidemiology (3)COPD is a more costly disease than asthma and, depending on country, 50–۷۵% of the costs are for services associated with exacerbations.Tobacco smoke is by far the most important risk factor for COPD worldwide. Other important risk factors are:

اسلاید ۶: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointPathogenesis and PathophysiologyPathogenesisTobacco smoking is the main risk factor for COPD, although other inhaled noxious particles and gases may contribute. In addition to inflammation, an imbalance of proteinases and antiproteinases in the lungs, and oxidative stress are also important in the pathogenesis of COPD.PathophysiologyThe different pathogenic mechanisms produce the pathological changes which, in turn, give rise to the physiological abnormalities in COPD: mucous hypersecretion and ciliary dysfunction, airflow limitation and hyperinflation, gas exchange abnormalities, pulmonary hypertension, systemic effects.

اسلاید ۷: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointDiagnosis of COPD (1)Diagnosis of COPD should be considered in any patient who has the following:symptoms of coughsputum productiondyspnoeahistory of exposure to risk factors for the diseaseSpirometry should be obtained in all persons with the following history:exposure to cigarettes and/or environmental or occupational pollutantsfamily history of chronic respiratory illnesspresence of cough, sputum production or dyspnoea

اسلاید ۸: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointDiagnosis of COPD (2)SpirometrySpirometric classification of COPD:Post-bronchodilator FEV1/forced vital capacity <0.7 confirms the presence of airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.

اسلاید ۹: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointSmoking cessation (1)Tobacco is the most important risk factor for COPD.Cigarette smoking is an addiction and a chronic relapsing disorder.Treating tobacco use and dependence should be regarded as a primary and specific intervention.Smoking cessation activities and support for its implementation should be integrated into the healthcare system. The key steps in intervention are:

اسلاید ۱۰: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointManagement of stable COPDPharmacological therapyLong-term oxygen therapyPulmonary rehabilitationNutritionSurgery in and for COPDSleepAir travel

اسلاید ۱۱: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointManagement of stable COPDPharmacological therapyLong-term oxygen therapyPulmonary rehabilitationNutritionSurgery in and for COPDSleepAir travel

اسلاید ۱۲: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointPharmacological therapy (1)The medications for COPD currently available can reduce or abolish symptoms, increase exercise capacity, reduce the number and severity of exacerbations, and improve health status.At present, no treatment has been shown to modify the rate of decline in lung function.The change in lung function after brief treatment with any drug does not help in predicting other clinically related outcomes.The inhaled route is preferred.

اسلاید ۱۳: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointPharmacological therapy (2)Changes in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) following bronchodilator therapy can be small but are often accompanied by larger changes in lung volume, which contribute to a reduction in perceived breathlbining different agents produces a greater change in spirometry and symptoms than single agents alone. Three types of bronchodilators are in common clinical use: -agonists, anticholinergic drugs and methylxanthines.

اسلاید ۱۴: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointPharmacological therapy (3) BronchodilatorsShort-acting bronchodilators can increase exercise tolerance acutely in COPD. Anticholinergics given q.i.d. can improve health status over a 3-month period. Long-acting inhaled -agonists improve health status, possibly more than regular ipratropium. Additionally, these drugs reduce symptoms, rescue medication use and increase the time between exacerbining short-acting agents (salbutamol/ipratropium) produces a greater change in spirometry over 3 months than either agenbining long-acting inhaled -agonists and ipratropium leads to fewer exacerbations than either drug alone. Combining long-acting -agonists and theophylline produces a greater spirometric change than either drug alone. Tiotropium improves health status and reduces exacerbations and hospitalisations compared with both placebo and regular ipratropium.

اسلاید ۱۵: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointPharmacological therapy (4) GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids act at multiple points within the inflammatory cascade, although their effects in COPD are more modest compared with bronchial asthma. In patients with more advanced disease (usually classified as an FEV1 <50% predicted), there is evidence that inhaled corticosteroids can reduce the number of exacerbations per year.

اسلاید ۱۶: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointPharmacological Therapy (6)Effects on commonly used medications on important clinical outcomes in COPD

اسلاید ۱۷: پاورپوینت کامل ERS-ATS COPD Guidelines 51 اسلاید در PowerPointManagement of stable COPDPharmacological therap